The term ‘butcher of the Somme’ in the context of the Battle of the Somme Free Essays

The term ‘butcher of the Somme’ with regards to the Battle of the Somme, a huge fight implies that Haig was liable for, calmly, sending a large number of British soldiers to their demises, on account of the Germans, for reasons unknown by any stretch of the imagination. The fight was intended to make the war portable once more, however it prompted a more drawn out impasse. Douglas Haig (1861-1928) was the British officer on the western front during World War I. We will compose a custom exposition test on The term ‘butcher of the Somme’ with regards to the Battle of the Somme or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now He was later elevated to full broad. With him in control the losses were British and Imperial setbacks between July 1 and November 19, 1916 totalled around 420,000. On July first. (English + Canadian) 08:30-09:30= 30,000 losses, 12:00= 50,000, finish of day= 67,000. There are numerous contentions for and against for the title given to Haig. There were numerous contentions for the title given to Haig. Numerous individuals, not history specialists state that he truly deserved it, for the most part in light of the fact that there was nobody to fault with the exception of him for their ancestors’ passings. There were numerous reasons. For instance Haig was obstinate as in he continued utilizing a similar bombing strategy until November. He had scarcely any confidence in his soldiers as he never utilized the Creeping Barrage with them as he anticipated that he would execute his own men in it. Additionally his use of bias prompted the numerous superfluous passings as he utilized the sub-par technique for mounted force, which prompted the passings of troops and assets for transport. In determination there were a ton of contentions for the title. The way that Haig squandered existences of men in such a manner concurs with the reality of him being the ‘butcher of the Somme’ Be that as it may, there are numerous contentions against that the title ought to be given to Haig. A few antiquarians have discovered that a large number of his activities were caused because of poor interchanges and bogus reports, these prompted his demise causing activities. For instance, his ‘messengers’ disclosed to him that the assault was working out positively and the security fencing had been ‘ well cut’, this was false, because of this, Haig propelled an infantry assault believing that most Germans were dead and the wire had been devastated, this prompted the 30,000 losses inside the primary hour. Likewise, he made it clear that there would be a huge no. of setbacks and passings so one can't generally accuse him. Additionally, the producers of the weapons and mounted guns were for the most part duds so it is their flaw. Besides, a considerable lot of the military were unpracticed. Moreover and above all, he got scarcely any assistance from the French, it was intended to be a Franco-British assault, and he was under a great deal of weight from t he two governments. All in all, a significant number of his moves were caused from poor and bogus correspondences just as weight from the legislatures. He additionally needed to manage with second rate weapons. To summarize, on one hand, Haig didn’t merit the title as the majority of his activities were brought about by bogus reports and poor quality weapons. Then again, despite the fact that he didn’t think about the non-achievement, he did later on he despite everything continued utilizing the equivalent bombed strategies, generally speaking, I figure he deserved it, the constant use of bombing assaults and hence causing more passings for reasons unknown is unpardonable, he deserved it. Did Haig truly merit the title ‘butcher of the Somme’ or has history made a decision about him wrong Step by step instructions to refer to The term ‘butcher of the Somme’ with regards to the Battle of the Somme, Papers

Understanding Customers and Competitors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Getting Customers and Competitors - Essay Example Since the fear monger assaults of September eleventh 2001 alongside monetary log jam, the Iraq war and SARS, the avionics business has endured a profound droop, especially in banner carriers. However it raises open doors for the low-admission transporter section, for example, Ryanair that is a rising star in the skies of Europe, having been performing great post 9/11. The point of this report is to investigate the general execution of Ryanair in the quick evolving condition, and afterward hardly any suggestions will be given. Ends will be drawn toward the finish of this report. Irish-possessed Ryanair, established in 1985, started to present a minimal effort working model in the mid 1990s. The organization principally serves short-pull, highlight point courses that target business suburbanites and recreation explorers by offering low, multi-level passage evaluating and sngle-classs air transportation. Having surpassed EasyJet, Ryanair is presently the biggest minimal effort transporter in Europe In January 2000. (Doganis, 2001) The organization offers around 475 planned flights for every day serving 84 areas in 14 EU nations. The overall business aeronautics has experienced fear based oppressor assaults of 9/11. The disaster drastically diminishes the quantity of travelers and pushed Airline industry confronting decay in their monetary positions. Also, effect of SARS and Iraq War diminish eagerness of individuals to go outside their nations. (Graeme, 2005, Siobhan, 2004) Since 1997, the European market has been totally deregulated. For instance, any aircrafts holding a substantial Air Operators Certificate in the EU have option to work on any course inside the European Union, including flights completely working inside another nation. On May first 2004, ten new individuals joined the EU as a major aspect of EU extension. The period of single European sky identified with Open-Sky Treaty, permitting highlight point administration between any EU nations is drawing nearer and carrier organizations will profit by solidification; then again, they

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Best Type of Neighbor

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Best Type of Neighbor The QuestionNeighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what type of neighbor is the best to have?-someone who is quiet -someone who we are similar to -someone who is supportiveUse specific details and examples in your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayOur lives can certainly be affected by the people in our neighborhood, even if we do not interact with them on a daily basis. In my opinion, it is critically important to have neighbors that are very supportive of us. I will explore the reasons why I feel this way in the following essay. First of all, our lives are full of unplanned emergencies and supportive people in our neighborhood help us most when they occur. Oftentimes, the people living close to us are the only ones who can provide essential assistance when things go terribly wrong. For instance, my family experienced a major house fire several years ago. It was a traumatic experience that happened in the middle of the night, and we lost many of our personal belongings. No one was injured, but we suffered an extreme amount of emotional trauma. However, the damage was reduced thanks to the quick thinking of a compassionate neighbor who immediately called the fire department when he saw what was happening, and who also provided us with clean clothes, food and a place to stay for the night. This example demonstrates how important it is to have kind and supportive neighbors when a crisis happens. Secondly, it is a lot easier to raise a family in today’s hectic society if our neighbors are willing to lend a hand. In addition to unexpected disasters, today we often have to face unplanned professional requests. My own experience demonstrates this reality. Five years ago, I was living with my wife and two sons in our apartment in Tokyo. My wife was at work, and I was home taking care of the children. All of sudden I received a call from my boss who needed me to drive across the city to give a presentation to one of our company’s new clients. I panicked at first because I knew I could not take the kids along, however I simply called our next door neighbor and asked if she would keep an eye on them for the rest of the evening. She readily agreed, so I was able to meet the clients. Had she not been so supportive, I wouldn’t have been able to fulfill my boss’s request, and I would have faced some repercussions the next day. In conclusion, I strongly believe that it is incredibly helpful to live near supportive people. This is because such people can help us handle life’s unexpected emergencies, and can make it easier to deal with both family and work obligations.Note:This is a sample TOEFL essay written by a native speaker. It follows ourTOEFL Writing templat esfor independent essays. If it is useful, please remember that we havemany more sample essaysfor you to read!

Art Conservation and Restoration - 1198 Words

The subject of art conservation and restoration has long been debated in the art world. Experts and historians have never agreed that all art must be salvaged at any cost. This paper will examine what art conservation and restoration is, what is involved in these endeavors, and what has been done over the centuries to many of history’s cherished art pieces. To begin this discussion, it is crucial to understand what exactly art conservation and restoration is and what it entails. Art Conservation/Restoration can be defined as an array of professions dedicated to â€Å"approaching every painting (or artwork) conservatively in that only what needs attention is addressed and nothing excessive is ever performed, all of the materials used are†¦show more content†¦He highly criticized the practice of â€Å"improver† restoration, any procedure that changed the original look of an art object. He preferred to leave a piece untouched, rather than change the look entirely. His contention was: Clumsy restorations only finish the work of destruction. Many people imagine that they do a great deal for paintings when they have them restored†¦Each so-called restoration is an injury far more to be regretted than the ravages of time, for the result is not a restored picture, but a different picture by the hand of a miserable dauber who substitutes himself for the author of the original who has disappeared under his retouching.† Saito continued along this vein by raising another interesting point. â€Å"If the aged look and the damaged surfaces of the art object contribute positively to its overall aesthetic appeal, then restoration ought not to take place† . He continued by citing an interesting anecdote told by Joseph Addison, a well-known 18th Century English author and founder of The Spectator, a daily publication from about 1711 to 1712. Addison described an old man, busy touching up a collection of old paintings. The anecdote is as follows: The old man busied himself incessantly, and repeated touch after touch without rest or intermission, he wore off insensibly every little disagreeable gloss that hung upon a figure. He also added such a beautiful brown to the shades, and mellowness to the colours, that he madeShow MoreRelatedThe Magic of the Conservator: Ensuring Art Does Not Disappear1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Magic of the Conservator – Ensuring Art Does Not Disappear As with many advances in industry and technology, we can thank war for increasing the interest in research for art conservation. After the Great War, the British Museum unpacked its collections after wartime storage in the Underground railway tunnels. 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How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel

Biobutanol is four-carbon alcohol derived from the fermentation of biomass. When it is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks, its commonly called butanol. Biobutanol is in the same family as other commonly known alcohols, namely single-carbon methanol, and the more-well-known two-carbon alcohol ethanol. The importance of the number of carbon atoms in any given molecule of alcohol is directly related to the energy content of that particular molecule. The more carbon atoms present, especially in a long carbon-to-carbon bond chains, the denser in energy the alcohol is. Breakthroughs in biobutanol processing methods, namely the discovery and development of genetically modified microorganisms, has set the stage for biobutanol to surpass ethanol as a renewable fuel. Once considered usable only as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock, biobutanol shows great promise as a motor fuel due to its favorable energy density, and it returns better fuel economy and is considered a superior motor fuel (when compared to ethanol). Biobutanol Production Biobutanol is derived mainly from the fermentation of the sugars in organic feedstocks (biomass). Historically, up until about the mid-50s, biobutanol was fermented from simple sugars in a process that produced acetone and ethanol, in addition to the butanol component. The process is known as ABE (Acetone Butanol Ethanol) and has used unsophisticated (and not particularly hearty) microbes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum. The problem with this type of microbe is that it is poisoned by the very butanol it produces once the alcohol concentration rises above approximately 2 percent. This processing problem caused by the inherent weakness of generic-grade microbes, plus inexpensive and abundant (at the time) petroleum gave way to the simpler and cheaper distillation-from-petroleum method of refining butanol. My, how times change. In recent years, with petroleum prices heading steadily upwards, and worldwide supplies getting tighter and tighter, scientists have revisited the fermentation of sugars for the manufacturing of biobutanol. Great strides have been made by researchers in creating â€Å"designer microbes† that can tolerate higher concentrations of butanol without being killed off. The ability to withstand harsh high concentration alcohol environments, plus the superior metabolism of these genetically enhanced bacteria has fortified them with the endurance necessary to degrade the tough cellulosic fibers of biomass feedstocks such as pulpy woods and switchgrass. The door has been kicked open and the reality of cost competitive, if not cheaper, renewable alcohol motor fuel is upon us. Advantages So, all of this fancy chemistry and intense research notwithstanding, biobutanol has many advantages over here-to-fore easier-to-produce ethanol. Biobutanol has a higher energy content than ethanol, so there is a much lower loss of fuel economy. With an energy content of about 105,000 BTUs/gallon (versus ethanol’s approximate 84,000 BTUs/gallon), biobutanol is much closer to the energy content of gasoline (114,000 BTUs/gallon).Biobutanol can be easily blended with conventional gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. Experiments have shown that biobutanol can run in an unmodified conventional engine at 100 percent, but to date, no manufacturers will warrant use of blends higher than 15 percent.Because it is less susceptible to separation in the presence of water (than ethanol), it can be distributed via conventional infrastructure (pipelines, blending facilities and storage tanks). There’s no need for a separate distribution network.It is less corrosive than ethanol. Not only is biobutanol a higher-grade more energy dense fuel, but it is also less explosive than ethanol.EPA te st results show that biobutanol reduces emissions, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Exact values depend upon the engine state of tune. But that’s not all. Biobutanol as a motor fuel—with its long chain structure and preponderance of hydrogen atoms—could be used as a stepping-stone in bringing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to the mainstream. One of the biggest challenges facing hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development is the storage of onboard hydrogen for sustainable range and the lack of hydrogen infrastructure for fueling. The high hydrogen content of butanol would make it an ideal fuel for onboard reforming. Instead of burning the butanol, a reformer would extract the hydrogen to power the fuel cell. Disadvantages It is not common for one fuel type to have so many obvious advantages without at least one glowing disadvantage; however, with biobutanol versus ethanol argument, that doesn’t appear to be the case. Currently, the only real disadvantage is there are many more ethanol refining facilities than biobutanol refineries. And while ethanol refining facilities far outnumber those for biobutanol, the possibility of retrofitting ethanol plants to biobutanol is feasible. And as refinements continue with genetically modified microorganisms, the feasibility of converting plants becomes greater and greater. It’s clear that biobutanol is the superior choice over ethanol as a gasoline additive and perhaps eventual gasoline replacement. For the past 30 years or so ethanol has had most of the technological and political support and has seeded the market for renewable alcohol motor fuel. Biobutanol is now poised to pick up the mantle.

John Locke Free Essays

John Locke Free Essays John Locke is one of the most important philosophers from the second millimium. One reason why he is so important to American history, is the influence of his writings upon Thomas Jefferson and other contributors to the writing of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution which still constitute two of the most important documents in American history. It would therefore behoove anyone interested in the history of the Enlightenment, philosophy and Colonial America, to study one of the rare figures in history would is able to encompass all three elements and bring them together. We will write a custom essay sample on John Locke or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Locke is that individual who is one who is able to do it. One of the greatest minds; John Locke is still read and discussed to this day. One of the litmus tests of the assumed greatness of those who come before, is whether or not that individual is still discussed and viewed as important centuries, or even decades after his or her death. John Locke fully meets that requirement. John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 twelve miles from the English town of Bristol. Both of Locke’s parents were Puritan and it would be this religious upbringing that would help to mold and to shape Locke’s beliefs, even if his philosophy was not always in unison with his religious upbringing. In 1647, at only the age of 15, Locke went sent to the prestigious Westminster School in London.[1] After successfully completing his studies there, Locke was then accepted to Christ Church in Oxford. Despite findings himself unmotivated by the classical curriculum which the university offered, Locke received his degree in 1656 and then a Master’s degree in 1658.[2] Locke, always fond of learning, received his Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine in 1674 as well. In 1667, Locke became the personal physician of Lord Ashley as well as continuing his medical studies and practice in London. It would be there that Locke, under the influence of Thomas Sydenham, Locke would write one of his most famous works: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke would also write his famous Essays while living at the household of Sydenham’s. Locke continued to write at this time and to make his philosophical views known. Lock was the exact opposite of another famous English philosopher; Thomas Hobbs. Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, with most of it written during England’s Glorious Revolution of 1688. This was concluded after Locke had spent five years in exile in Holland as he was suspected of being involved in the Rye House Plot due to his outspoken criticism of the English monarchy. Locke returned to England where he continued to write and to speak out for representative government. Locke’s writings would not be published until the last decade of his life. It was then that Locke, a sufferer from asthma, retreated to the house of a friend, lady Masham. During this period, Locke received many famous guests and well wishers. Among the notable guests were Isaac Newton and John Dryden. After a prolonged decline in his health, Locke died on October 28, 1704.[3] Locke never married, nor did he have any children. During Locke’s life, he was able to witness the English restoration, the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London. Locke just missed the 1707 Act of Union which brought Scotland under the rule of England for the next, nearly three hundred years. The shift towards a democracy in England would not be seen during Locke’s life.   However, Locke’s greatness lies in the ability that his writing had to influence other democracies who at the infancy of their life, relied upon the wisdom of John Locke in which to form a government. Not only did Locke have a great influence upon the French writer Voltaire, but also on such American forefathers as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. It was in Locke’s writings about the human understanding which helped to create the greatest influence upon those who read him. Locke writes: â€Å"Whereas were the capacities of our understanding well considered, the extent of our knowledge once discovered, and the horizon found, which sets the boundary between the enlightened and the dark parts of things, men would perhaps with less scruple acquiesce in the avow’d ignorance of the one, and employ their thought and discourse, with more advantage and satisfaction in the other.†[4] Locke, unlike the philosophers before him, did not believe that man should find the limits of the Understanding. Locke argues something very different and which is contrary to the teachings of his personal hero Descartes. Locke asserts that at birth, people are born with a blank mental state and that their knowledge only comes from their experiences and not from their birth. Such assertions, though nothing new to the modern reader, had very interesting and profound reactions from those who came after him and absorbed his writings. The writings of Locke speak to the need for a meritocracy to govern men and not the established and favored ruling class which had been the norm in Europe for a thousand years. In this, Locke speaks against the divine right of kings which most churches as well as the established authority prescribed to. This stated that kings were there to rule by the grace of God; either good, bad or indifferent and that their offspring were to be given the authority to rule after their father is gone because it is the will of God. Locke believed, and is confirmed by America’s forefathers, that those who rule, should be granted the title, not by their lineage but by their merit. So too should the elevation of an individual through society be made possible, not by what class he comes from and how much money he has in order to buy himself a ticket into the ruling class, but rather from the skills and hard work which he needs to possess. Although contemporary America is not entirely based upon such premises and the next president of the United States will be one who cam spend hundreds of millions of dollars in order to win the office, it is the merit of the individual which is judged more than the family in which the applicant came. This is the premise of American democracy which has helped to make this country, to a large degree, the land of opportunity. John Locke had a great deal of influence in this becoming a reality. John Locke also spoke and wrote on a wide variety of other subjects and it should not be attempted to fit his beliefs into a single and neat definition. His most famous writings did deal with political thought. Locke advocated the presence of checks and balances within the government and even though humans are ruled by reason and tolerance, human nature encouraged men to be selfish and hateful as well. Locke’s beliefs in the right of the individual to possess: â€Å"life, health, liberty, or possessions†[5] as well as the belief that societal revolution was not only from time to time bound to happen, but that it was a right and an obligation in circumstances in which the government was trampling upon the rights of the individual. Locke believed that property is natural right of man and that right is derived from the labor which that individual is willing to partake in so that he may acquire the property. Also, that property which is the sole possession of the individual, that ownership is not to be infringed upon by the government which cannot â€Å"dispose of the estates of the subjects arbitrarily.†[6]   All of the aforementioned beliefs would play a profound influence upon the Declaration of Independence as well as the Constitution of the United States.[7] Locke also spoke about the monetary value of money and its uses within a society as well as the rules of supply and demand. Locke was not one to self contain his sphere of learning to one single aspect. Locke’s writings on The Self was also one of his more important contributions to philosophical thought. Locke defined The Self as: â€Å"that conscious, thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and is so concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends.†[8] In doing so, Locke argues against the Augustinian view of man as originally sinful but that man is born with a clean slate who later dirties it up with the greed and hatred that all too often, acts as a great impediment to the self fulfillment of The Self. Locke would conclude on the subject by stating: â€Å"I think I may say that of all men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education.†[9] The 19th century debate about nature vs. nurture, was first made famous by John Locke and his belief that it is the experiences of the individual and not his birth alone, which make up The Self of the individual. John Locke was one of those rare individuals who talents, beliefs and writings, have lasted and have remained relevant, centuries after their death. Who within today’s world will be able to make the same claim? The applicants are few and fare between. Also, who within today’s world will be able to influence to the same degree, the ways in which John Locke stood against the established and overly privileged and in the backdrop of threats upon his life, continue to write and to speak his or her own mind and in doing so, affect the lives of millions of people, albeit in an indirect way as was the case with John Locke? In history, we find only a few such people and only hindsight will tell if there are any more to come. If there are more individuals to come with the same motivations and lasting ability, they will stand atop the mountain of human wisdom and greatness with only a few, select individuals. John Locke will one of the few   present who will be there to greet th e future giants of human wisdom and ability. WORKS CITED Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson New York: Steeplechase Films PBS Productions 1997 Locke, John Two Treatises of Government New York: Oxford University Press 2006 Milton. J. R. Essays Writings of John Locke New York: Oxford University Press 2006 Quotes by John Locke http://thinkexist.com/quotations/ Retrieved October 23, 2007 How to cite John Locke, Essay examples

Abolish Capital Punishment Essay Example For Students

Abolish Capital Punishment Essay Capital PunishmentAfter centuries of nearly universal implementation, the death penaltyremains a deeply debated political issue. While one execution takes place, othermurders occur, and the question still stands: Will the death penalty safeguardsociety and deter murder, or will it not? The death penalty cannot be considereda proper economical and moral means of punishment to deter those who mightcommit capital offenses, or can it?In the past, capital punishment horrified people, which deterred themfrom committing crime. In England, the country from which the United Statesadopted the death penalty, the death penalty was imposed for a rather largenumber of offenses in an effort to discourage people from committing crimes. Methods of inflicting the death penalty have ranged From stoning in biblicaltimes, crucifixion under the Romans, beheading in France, to those used in theUnited States today: hanging, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, andlethal injection(Bedau 124). There were drastic penalties for such seriouscrimes as homicide. Execution was a suitable punishment for those times. Today,though, the law is not as strict. This leads potential criminals not to fear thedeath penalty because government today uses more humane methods of execution,rather than the brutal punishment that history portrayed. People who oppose the death penalty say that there is no evidence thatthe murder rate fluctuates according to the frequency with which the deathpenalty is used (Masur 153). It is more likely that the convict would beparoled instead of being executed because of the present practice of allowingunlimited appeals. Convicted criminals are not exposed to cruel punishment, butrather given a long waiting period. If the criminal is put to death, it isusually done as mercifully as possible. One problem with the death penalty, presently, is that crime is notdecreasing, but rather increasing. If capital punishment is supposed to detercrimes such as murder, it is not serving its purpose. Even philosophers, such asBeccaria, Voltaire, and Bentham of the Enlightenment Period, argued that thedeath penalty was needlessly cruel, overrated as a deterent, and occasionallyimposed in fatal error (Fogelson 89). Another problem with the death penalty is the enormous amount of moneybeing spent on implementation. It costs taxpayers millions of dollars more toexecute a criminal than to lock him up for life. The number of prisoners ondeath row has been steadily increasing and will soon meet all time highs. Thisfact brings up the question of economic feasibility of the implementation, aswell as the question of weather the death penalty is actually an effectivedeterrent to crime. Currently, Texas leads the nation in both death row population and inthe number of executions. Texas has 351 condemned men and 4 women awaitingsentence, and has had 46 executions since 1977. These prisoners spent an averageof eight years on death row and cost Texans an average of 2.3 million dollarsper case (Execution B8). The legal process a condemned prisoner goes throughis very lengthy and costly. A person is only given the death penalty for certain crimes in Texas. Adeath sentence is handed down if a person is convicted of the murder of a policeofficer or fireman, murder during certain felonies, murder for pay or reward,multiple murders, or murder during prison escape. Once a criminal has beensentenced, he or she can appeal the decision. In addition to the courts appeals, the cost of an average of $180,000per case, the $150,000 prison cost also escalates the economic burden to thestate. This cost does not include the $21,000 execution cost or the $19,500needed for extra security (Van den Haag 123). To have a death row prisoner meansthat the state must provide police, fire, and public safety protection. Theyalso require special housing units, extra guards, food, and around-the-clocksecurity (Van den Haag 123). .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .postImageUrl , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:hover , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:visited , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:active { border:0!important; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:active , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: It's Tough Being A Turtle EssayTo cut down costs, several alternatives to the death penalty have beendiscussed by public officials. One alternative is to sentence criminals to lifeimprison without possibility of parole instead of execution. Although this planwould save millions of dollars, it would create problems in the prison system. The end result would be killing each other and killing prison guards without thethreat of serious consequences (Execution B8). In the following interview with the U.S. Attorney, Demetrius Bevinsaide, some interesting responses were made:Q:What do you think about the death penalty?A:Depending on the circumstances of the crime, on some criminals it shouldbe enforced. On others, they should just get life in prison. Q:What do you think is the best method of execution?A:I think the best method is lethal injection. Is is the mo..st humane, andin my opinion, the least expensive. It involves much less preperation than theelectric chair, and it is safer and cleaner. Q:Do you have any suggestions for alternative solutions to the deathpenalty?A:Yes. Life in prison with absolutely no possibility of parole. The following is an interview with local attorney Chuck Hardy. Q:What do you think about the death penalty?A:I think it serves its purpose. I think it cuts down on crime, and frommy experience with the prisoners I have met, most if not all are scared of thelethal injection method used here in Texas. Q:What is the best method of execution?A:The electric chair. It is scarier than lethal injection because one mustfirst go through intense pain. With the lethal injection, one just goes to sleepand never wakes up. Q:Do you have any suggestions for alternative solutions to the deathpenalty. A:Doing hard time in a maximum security prison and never seeing the lightof day. In legal history there is a tendency to leave cruel executions behindand to humanize capital punishment by the pursuit of technical perfection(Bockle 43). The death penalty is a form of torture trying to be justified withadvanced technology. How does this form of torture differ from the torture thattakes place in Iran, Iraq, Ethiopia, South America, Guatemala, Bangladesh,Afganistan, and even Israel? (Bockle 4). The techniques in those countrieswould certainly be considered to go against human morality, but the end resultis the same, a man dies. In this country, the debate goes on as to weather ornot the death penalty is in fact going against human morality regardless of hoehumanly it is done. Some people turn to the Bible to determine what is right, but the Biblecan be interpreted as arguing either way. The Old Testament can be interpretedas arguing for the death penalty. This interpretation is formulated from thepassage in which God sentences Cain to walk the Earth without food or humancontact. Cain killed his brother Able, and therfore was punished by banishment. This type of punishment would be impossible to impose on an individual at thisday and age. Those for the death penalty justify the use of capital punishmentas a necessary for the preservation of the society of the twentieth century. The same Old Testament can be interpreted as against the death penalty. The quotation, Vengeance said the Lord, is mine, and if anyone kills Cain, itshall be taken on him sevenfold, is most accurately interpreted as anti-deathpenalty (Berns 11). This statement steers society into allowing God to take careof the sinful individual in His own manner. Cain was banished and considered anoutcast just as the prisoner is an outcast from society. Many questions have been raised as to the effectiveness of the deathpenalty, and whether it should still be used today. Everywhere in the UnitedStates the death penalty has been under fire. The awareness of the people andarguments made by lawmakers have led to an anti-death penalty sentiment in theUnited States. Arguments in favor of the death penalty, such as the punishmentfitting the crime and the effectiveness of capital punishment as a deterrentagainst crime, are made. These ideas are the basis for pro-death penalty viewsamong the population and court systems of America. .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .postImageUrl , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:hover , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:visited , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:active { border:0!important; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:active , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bluest Eye EssayImportant legal arguments against the death penalty are usually madefrom what is stated in the Constitution. Many people believe that the deathpenalty is unlawful because it violates the cruel and unusual punishment clausesunder the eighth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution (Punishment 82). Another argument that the abolitionist group make is that the death penaltyviolates the discriminatory clause of the Constitution. Of all executions thattook place in the United States between 1930 and 1966, over half of those whodied were black (Punishment 2). The controversy over capital punishment began in the eighteenth centuryand continues today. Throughout the world innocent people are executed inseveral inhumane forms which the United States should not follow. Today thereexists a raging debate on wether the death penalty is economically, morally, andlegally justifiable, or still just cruel and inhumane. BIBLIOGRAPHYBedau, Hugo Adam. Capital Punishment. Colliers Encyclopedia. 1990. Berns, Walter. For Capital Punishment. New York: Basic Books, 1979. Bockle, Franz, and Jacques Pohier. The Death Penalty and Torture. New York: TheSeabury Press, 1979. Execution Costs an Average $2.3 Million in Texas. San Antonio Light. 9 Mar. 1992, B:8. Fogelson, Robert M. Criminal Justice in America. New York: ARNO Press, 1974. Masur, Louis P. Rites of Execution. New York: Oxford U.P., 1989. Van de Haag, Ernest. Punishment of Criminals. New York: Basic Books, 1975.

Women Essay Example

Women Essay Our group wrote and designed a brochure to briefly explain ecofeminism as well as give suggestions on where to go for more information and how to support animal rights and ecofeminism. The brochure also clarified the historic link between feminism and animal rights through examples of well-known feminists who were also advocates of animal rights and a vegetarian lifestyle. One of the reasons ecofeminism speaks to us is that we are able to make concrete changes to make our daily lives consistent with our beliefs. We attempted to get this idea across in the brochure – that oppression is not a natural state, and there are many ways individuals can help create a space free of oppression. We wanted a simple way to give people information about what we’ve learned all semester. It worked out well; quite a lot of students stopped by our booth and talked to us, and we handed out all of the brochures we had printed. Many students who were interested in animal rights said that the y would check out more information about ecofeminism, and many students interested in feminism said they appreciated the links we made between oppression of women and oppression of nature/animals. The brochure we made included as much information as possible without overwhelming readers with new information. As students stopped by our booth and asked questions, we took the opportunity to talk about the differing voices present in ecofeminism. Several students were interested in the history of the women’s health movement and its place in ecofeminism. Additionally, we made clear in our discussions that although ecofeminism has its roots in an idea of women being connected to nature, that connection has been questioned by cross-cultural and international ecofeminists. As Huey-li Li points out in Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, there are ways to connect the dots between the oppression of women and the oppression of nature and animals without falling back on essentialist notions of womanhood that defines ‘woman’ as being somehow closer to nature than male aggressors/hunters. Li also argues that the Western connection between women and nature is not universa l, something that became apparent in discussing ecofeminism with students at the fair. This foundation of Western ideology has the potential to alienate women across the globe who might otherwise find ecofeminism believable. Ecofeminism is made weaker for this lack of inclusion of different experiences of nature and gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Withdrawal Behaviors Example

Withdrawal Behaviors Example Withdrawal Behaviors – Coursework Example Withdrawal Behaviors Withdrawal Behaviors Voluntary Withdrawal Behavior Example Johnson worked for McDonalds for two years until there was a change in the software that he used to work with. He was not well equipped to use the new software and required training. The manager failed to identify the gap between the skills of Johnson and the required skills to use the software. As a result of this Johnson was not able to adapt to the software and started turning in late at work. Involuntary Withdrawal Behavior Example Sarah and her family used to own a single car. When she started working at McDonalds her husband was unemployed. She used to use the car to drop her children at school and then reach her workplace. 1 year later her husband obtained a job and as a result of this the single car was used to first drop her husband at his workplace, then drop the children at their school and then Sarah could reach her workplace and started reaching late at work. Difference The main differences b etween the above two examples is that the voluntary withdrawal behavior is caused due to factors within the organization and the involuntary withdrawal behavior is caused due to factors outside the organization (Gaertner, 1999). Job Attitudes And Voluntary Withdrawal Behavior The relationship between job attitude and voluntary withdrawal behavior is that job attitudes have a cause and effect relationship with withdrawal behavior. This means that an individual’s feeling towards his/her job impact an individual’s intention to be absent or present at the organization in which an individual works (Holtom, 2008). For example in the case of Johnson and McDonald’s, Johnson experienced a decline in his commitment towards his organization since his manager failed to realize that Johnson required training. As a result of this Johnson started remaining absent or he used to reach late at work. ReferencesGaertner, S. (1999). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and or ganizational commitment in turnover models. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 479493.Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008). Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 231274.

Cultural aspects of multi chanel cutomer management Essay

Cultural aspects of multi chanel cutomer management - Essay Example Organizations should have a clear picture about the different customer behaviours in order to formulate different strategies to establish strong relationships with them. Some customers may like cheaper price whereas some others may give more importance to the quality of the product or after sales support. The awareness of customer behaviours will help the organizations to formulate different channels for the customer management. This paper is written based on the reflections of the article Cultural Aspects of Multi-Channel Customer Management: A UK Case Study. Channel management is influenced by customer behaviors, preferences, perceptions and expectations. Customers may contact with the different channels of the organization at different period of time throughout customer’s life cycle. Customer relationship management (CRM) depends of many factor like differences in business practices, competition, regulatory characteristics, country characteristics, and consumer characteristics. Organizations need to approach the CRM in two ways; macro – country level and micro- individual customer in order to cater the needs of the customers effectively. The macro factors involve differences that affect entire countries or regions whereas the micro factors involve individual consumers within those countries or regions. The success of CRM depends on three factors which arose from internal and external environments; differences in customer expectations, drivers of satisfaction, loyalty, profitability and customer value across countries or cultures; differences in the competitive environments, technological infrastructure, political systems, and regulatory variations between countries around the globe and the difference in the challenges faced by global firms in forming a cu stomer-oriented organization, which already encountered challenges in the form of culture and power issues. Multi-channel customer management will help us to analyze the influence of culture

Summary On Current Mnagement Ariticle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary On Current Mnagement Ariticle - Essay Example The classical model of capacity expansion is an example and is applicable in cases of definite demand with constant growth rate. These models assume growth to have a geometric or stochastic trends but Karri’s timing ratio model assumes that demand has a linear but definite growth that allows for determination of optimal capacity expansion time. According to the model, early expansion of potentials leads to surplus potentials while late expansion leads to shortage of potentials. The model for capacity optimization identifies size and fixed costs of the proposed equipment, and unit fixed cost as significant factors. It shows that early project implementation is better under minimal fixed costs, relative to contribution margin. Some of the factors may again be insignificant in the model. With an assumption that an organization’s cost structure is an indicator of its expansion project, timing potentials of entities become comparable. In addition, range for investment timing widens if contribution margin is high and yet fixed costs remain minimal. Timing ratio, under the model, is inversely proportional to timing potential. Testing the model faced the challenge of contents of organizations’ income statements. While contributing margin is significant to determination of the time ratio, some organizations’ income statements do not offer items that are used in computation of the contribution ratio. The contribution margin can however be estimated and this facilitated testing of the timing ratio model. The model and its testing identify theoretical and empirical implications. Ability to compute timing ratio from contribution margin and operating income and difficulty in comparing timing ratios are the implications of the developed information (Karri n.p.). The article relates to the managerial accounting concept of value optimization through minimizing cost and

HIV/AIDS: Stigma and discrimination

HIV/AIDS: Stigma and discrimination Stigma and discrimination face by people living with HIV/AIDS It has been defined by Roura et al., (2009) that the stigma associated with a precise kind of relationship between the behvaiours, perceptions and stereotypes is concerned with a deep sense of social deprivation. Despite the fact, that the concept of stigma is around 40 years old, it has been much researched on and is widely used to draw implications both in social and cultural contexts. All societies have imparted convictions and implications which help them translate encounters and conduct. Implanted inside that framework are the regulations based on which is to be demonized and who is definitely not. Despite the fact that these guidelines may contrast from society to society, shame is for the most part considered an adverse, moral or judgemental meaning of an individual or social circumstance, regularly joined with disparaging, disrespect, fault, and attribution of obligation regarding the condition. Disgrace is not just connected to persons with undesirable physical properties. A great many people are acutely mindful that persons with undesirable characteristics, whether physical, mental or passionate, are effectively and immediately defamed. In British society, a great many people will concur that individuals are obviously disparaged on the premise of their race, society, financial status, sex and age. Notwithstanding, the presence of disgrace can be more treacherous when connected to those with physical and dysfunctional behaviour, inability or physical impedances, or when connected with ugliness, indiscrimination, kid/grown-up ill-use, same-sex introduction, medication utilization/misuse and passing. Once derided, the individual is discriminated as a worthy part of society, subsequently the expression ruined personality stated by Pearson et al., (2009) to depict the division of the deprived individuals from ordinary parts of society. Once named as an other, the slandered individual is then subjected to separation, the activity emulating the cognitive met hodology of derision.   LO1: Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative research methods It has been stated that in the current era of Modern science there are multiple ways of thinking and identifying qualitative and quantitative research. The disagreement between qualitative examination methodologies and other research techniques is in inconsistency with the methodological aspects, as well as shows up in the opposition, in the epistemological field. This implies that the instruments, as well as in the focal methodologies describe the generation of information. I accept that the qualitative epistemology is focused around standards that have vital methodological outcomes. Alternately, quantitative outline addresses the numerical delineation of proof examined and information gathered. Logical information from qualitative exploration is not legitimized by the quantity of subjects examined, however by the nature of its outflow (Bernard Bernard, 2013). The quantity of subjects to study reacts to a quantitative paradigm, characterized essentially by the needs of the learning procedure found sometime during the examination in factual means. Singular statement of the subject in both the techniques gets centrality as the spot which may have at one point for the generation of thoughts by the analyst. The data passed on by a specific subject can be a critical minute for the generation of learning, without essentially must be rehashed in different subjects and information gathering techniques. Qualitative exploration offers numerous perspectives with quantitative examination morals. Along these lines, the moral issues are appropriate to science as a rule to both the examination plans. Clearly, knowing the multifaceted nature of morals and good logic, it is prescribed that an exchange that is expected to approach moral judgements of qualitative examination ought to be upheld by a few hypotheses. At the same time there are such a variety of hypotheses that a well meaning push to actualize large portions of them in the investigation of a particular examination can get to be inefficient. Especially on account of quantitative exploration, it is important to incorporate individuals with capacity and readiness of reflection and correspondence that they comprehend social qualities, needs and powerlessness, and the concerns of potential study subjects (Bernard Bernard, 2013). Leading qualitative exploration is similarly less immoderate than directing quantitative examination. Qualitative research likewise turns out to be viable when the exploration obliges unlimited measure of data. LO2: Is Research evidence appropriate to health and social care practice Since the first instances of AIDS were distinguished in 1981, HIVs have been disparaged. The examination confirmation existed on this point involves to the broad accessibility of information and databases. Cao et al., (2010) recommended that in social and medicinal services connection, the dread of AIDS spread over our country, HIVs being deprived from their occupations, ousted from their homes, denied restorative tend to, savagery and expelled from their own particular families. Additionally, HIV-positive kids have been denied admission to schools, games groups and clubs, and have encountered badgering from other youngsters and folks of other kids. This social derision of HIVs is not restricted to the United Kingdom, either. In different nations, HIVs have been beaten to death; disregarded by neighbours, managers and social insurance specialists; and even compared to rehearsing witchcraft. As a result of its relationship with the unthinkable subject of male-to-male sex and the trepidation of tainting, society has reacted to HIV/AIDS by disparaging persons to avoid them as much as possible. Is this belittling got from outsiders, as well as it can be gotten from the HIVs relatives, companions and health awareness experts too. It is interesting to note that during an era when HIVs need social backing like never before, they are rather subjected to the threatening vibe and dismissal connected with HIV-related disgrace. Radcliffe et al., (2010) characterized the expression Helps related shame as a term that alludes to preference, reducing, undermining, and segregation guided at individuals saw to have AIDS or HIV, and the people, gatherings, and groups with which they are related. This belittling can be showed in numerous diverse ways, frequently focused around the current generalizations of the society. In the United Kingdom, HIV-related disgrace showed through seclusion, dismissal, stereotyping, segregation and off and on again savagery. Social Factors of HIV-Related Stigma HIV/ AIDS confront shame on numerous distinctive levels. Medicinal diseases as of now can be a disgrace of their own, particularly focused around the reality of the condition. Since there is right now no cure for HIV/ AIDS, the condition is viewed as deadly, a term which strikes fear in the hearts of the vast majority. In an examination article on Supports and Stigma, Wagner et al., (2010) demonstrates that there are four particular qualities of HIV/AIDS that inspire disgrace from society, specifically: 1) apparent obligation of the PWHIV in getting the illness, 2) the unalterable or degenerative nature of the malady, 3) the way that it can be an infectious infection and 4) the promptly obvious indications of the sickness which show as the ailment advances. Rao et al., (2012) draw a qualification between instrumental AIDS disgrace (identifying with the transmittable and deadly nature of HIV) and typical AIDS shame. Instrumental AIDS shame is an after-effect of societys characteristic apprehension of the illness and the absence of instruction on infection transmission. LO3: Examining research evidence with consideration to validity and reliability In assessing studies, numerous methodological concerns do develop. Maybe, the most vital concerns are reliability and validity of the exploration procedure. Reliability appraisal of a study device is a centre segment of behavioural research and can be used effectively into immediate perceptions by deciding best conceivable levels of presentation. A few strategies have been utilized that can give reliability of the survey estimation routines, including test-retest, Pearson coefficient, Kendalls coefficient, odd-even, and the proportional structures strategy. Social approval systems are substantial to the degree that they gauge what they claim to quantify. It is basic that great inward and outer validity be expressed as a social approval method. In addition, the outside validity of the evaluation methodology can be evaluated and still is faulty (Ritchie et al., 2013). The measurements analysts accept they are measuring may have little connection to what is really being measured and tha t face validity is deficient as the sole paradigm for assessing the validity of appraisal gadgets. One approach to survey validity would be to have the social approval evaluation created or reassessed by a board of masters or judges who are not included straightforwardly in the examination. An alternate technique would be to have a social approval evaluation of the social acceptance instrument. Case in point, in the wake of reacting to a poll, raters would react to a second survey that let them know the reason for the first survey and requested that the rate how well they thought the inquiries surveyed the reason (Ritchie et al., 2013). Also, analysts need to be mindful of radiance impacts, inclinations to tolerance or seriousness, focal propensity reactions, and position or closeness predispositions of raters, which might misleadingly improve the reliability of estimation without enhancing reaction exactness or validity. LO4: Demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between research theory and health and social care practice Investigation demonstrates that social help whether perceived or genuine is especially paramount for females as they depend all the more on social connections contrasted with men in comparable circumstances. A few studies have recommended that apparent social backing is more vital than genuine backing. Social backing has been demonstrated to impact both well being conduct and well being conclusions. Further, social backing has been indicated to cradle the impact of natural stressors, in this way, minimizing antagonistic results of upsetting circumstances. There is an overall reported backwards relationship between social backing and misery among HIV-positive populaces. Albeit much is thought about HIV-related shame and HIV-divulgence, an audit of the writing uncovers an absence of understanding of how they influence misery. Consequently, the general objective of this study is to look at the connections between sorrow (a mental result of HIV illness) and HIV-related shame, exposure of HIV positive status, and social backing among African-American ladies with HIV infection. Cao et al., (2010) portrayed social backing as an indispensable asset that an individual must draw upon for survival. As a safety asset, social backing is hypothesized to have an immediate impact on both cognitive evaluation and adapting endeavours. Social backing can help more positive examinations of individual life circumstances and backing more powerful adapting. Social backing can serve to lessen instability and stress and give the individual a method for diversion, passionate help, sensitivity and sympathy, and accommodating data. Ritchie et al., (2013) further developed the idea of social help, expressing that there is an agreeable refinement between the number and sorts of social connections and the view of the estimation of such connections. The quantity of social connections is termed the informal community. The view of social connections is termed seen social backing. At long last, Ritchie et al., (2013) recommended that there are distinctive sorts of social backing, for example, passionate, instructive, or substantial, and the sort of help must additionally be considered notwithstanding the span of the informal community and the impression of the nature of help that is accessible. Cao et al., (2010) remarkable various studies that have demonstrated how social connections maintain wellbeing and on the other hand how low social help identifies with negative wellbeing results. Broad exploration has showed that social combination has significant physical and mental medical advantages for more established grown-ups. Whats more, social backing has been indicated to be identified with positive conclusions in individuals living with HIV and, all the more particularly, to gay men living with HIV. Actually, adults matured 50 years and more seasoned include in excess of 10% of the HIV-positive populace in the United Kingdom. This rate is most likely excessively low focused around the way that more established grown-ups are rarely tried for HIV. Not their doctors or the more established grown-ups themselves see that they are at danger for the sickness. This is further convoluted on the grounds that numerous manifestations of HIV can be camouflaged as results of maturing. Alongside ladies and minorities, more seasoned grown-ups are right now one of the quickest developing HIV-contaminated populaces. They are particularly defenceless against disease (by physical changes in the body with age and by disappointment to utilize proper insurance amid sex) and, when tainted, they are more averse to recognize the side effects, get tired and look for the help they require. LO5: Gather evidence from a variety of research sources, including charts, graphs and tables, from text and online sources Although, emotional distress serves as a motivator for help-seeking behavior, the fear of being stigmatized may cloud the person’s cognitive process of making the decision to seek help. As time is of the essence with HIV/ AIDS, this delay in seeking health or social services presents a real problem. HIV/AIDS cases are also on the rise in such marginalized groups as African-Americans, women and older adults. Therefore, in many cases, HIVs are already stigmatized prior to disclosure of their HIV-positive condition. They know all too well the results of being stigmatized and, therefore, may be even more unwilling to disclose their HIV-positive status. The HIV-related stigma, then, becomes a second or even third type of stigma that is forced upon them. In their study of HIV-related stigma received by African-American caregivers, Rudolph et al., (2010) stated that â€Å"social isolation stemming from HIV-related stigma may be exacerbated for women, for elderly people, and for people of colour†. Persons who get HIV through circumstances which were out of their control (i.e., blood transfusions, needle-sticks or mother-to-kid) are even subject to this kind of slander, particularly as their infection advances. Typical AIDS shame is a statement of the general publics negative state of mind connected with the transmission of HIV. Due to the way of HIV/ AIDS, it will in the end get to be important for the contaminated individual to look for restorative consideration, at any rate. The forceful enthusiastic impacts going with the ailment might likewise make the requirement for usage of social administrations.. As time is of the pith with HIV/ AIDS, this deferral in looking for well being or social administrations exhibits a genuine issue. To confound matters, more established grown-ups and some ethnic gatherings are now uncertain of western solution hones, human services associations and mental health administrations and, moreover, might not have equivalent access to these administ rations. Albeit one may think divulgence to administration suppliers may not act like incredible a danger of being criticized as exposure to family, companions or associates, it still has dangers. Conclusion Since, the situation of HIV/ AIDS, is inevitably vital for the HIV-positive individuals to look for restorative consideration, at any rate, the compelling passionate impacts going with the disease might likewise make the requirement for use of social administrations. To entangle matters, more established grown-ups and some ethnic gatherings are as of now uncertain of western medication hones, human services associations and mental health administrations and, moreover, might not have equivalent access to these administrations. Albeit one may think deprivation to administration suppliers may not act like incredible a danger of being derided as exposure to family, companions or associates, it still has dangers. Notwithstanding the hazard that the HIVs status may not be kept totally private, there is likewise the danger of being defamed by the very administration experts to whom the HIVs turns for help. Despite the fact that health awareness experts may not have any desire to confess to slandering HIVs, the examination has confirm that HIV-related shame keeps on being available among some of them (Wagner et al., 2010). Notwithstanding the solid impact HIV-related disgrace can have on the self, it is characteristic for individuals to oppose being disparaged, and in this way, the social shame of HIV/ AIDS may make unnecessary deterrents to get social and health awareness administrations. On the off chance that the HIVs urge to oppose defamation is stronger than their urge to look for help for themselves, they may evade usage of HIV-related administrations until such time that they cannot maintain a strategic distance from it any longer, maybe because of a hospitalization. References Bernard, H. R., Bernard, H. R. (2013).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Cao, H., He, N., Jiang, Q., Yang, M., Liu, Z., Gao, M., Detels, R. (2010). Stigma against HIV-infected persons among migrant women living in Shanghai, China.AIDS Education and Prevention,22(5), 445. Pearson, C. R., Micek, M. A., Pfeiffer, J., Montoya, P., Matediane, E., Jonasse, T., Gloyd, S. S. (2009). One year after ART initiation: psychosocial factors associated with stigma among HIV-positive Mozambicans.AIDS and Behavior,13(6), 1189-1196. Radcliffe, J., Doty, N., Hawkins, L. A., Gaskins, C. S., Beidas, R., Rudy, B. J. (2010). Stigma and sexual health risk in HIV-positive African American young men who have sex with men.AIDS patient care and STDs,24(8), 493-499. Rao, D., Feldman, B. J., Fredericksen, R. J., Crane, P. K., Simoni, J. M., Kitahata, M. M., Crane, H. M. (2012). A structural equation model of HIV-related stigma, depressive symptoms, and medication adherence.AIDS and Behavior,16(3), 711-716. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Roura, M., Urassa, M., Busza, J., Mbata, D., Wringe, A., Zaba, B. (2009). Scaling up stigma? The effects of antiretroviral roll-out on stigma and HIV testing. Early evidence from rural Tanzania.Sexually transmitted infections,85(4), 308-312. Rudolph, A. E., Davis, W. W., Quan, V. M., Ha, T. V., Minh, N. L., Gregowski, A., Go, V. (2012). Perceptions of community-and family-level injection drug user (IDU)-and HIV-related stigma, disclosure decisions and experiences with layered stigma among HIV-positive IDUs in Vietnam.AIDS care,24(2), 239-244. Wagner, A. C., Hart, T. A., Mohammed, S., Ivanova, E., Wong, J., Loutfy, M. R. (2010). Correlates of HIV stigma in HIV-positive women.Archives of womens mental health,13(3), 207-214.

Financial Service and Industry

Asset Transformation Purchase primary securities by selling financial claims (secondary securities) to households Secondary securities are more marketable BECAUSE Less information asymmetry Less monitoring costs More liquid Less risky Without financial intermediaries, households will find direct investments in corporate securities unattractive due to information/monitoring costs, liquidity cost and price risk.Thus flow was funds are less, little monitoring and risk of investments would increase.Specializes of financial institutions General areas (LIP TM) Liquidity services Information services Price- risk reduction services Transaction cost services Maturity intermediation services Institution- specific (McCall) Money supply transmission Credit allocation Denomination intermediation Intergenerational transfers Payment services Information costs Agency costs 0 costs relating to the risk that firm owners and managers use savers' ends not in the best interest of the savers Financial ins titutions collect funds from households in order to avoid free- rider problem (incentive for information collection and monitoring), reduce costs of information collection and monitoring and to develop new secondary securities to more effectively monitor borrows.Liquidity and price risk Financial intermediaries provide secondary claims to household savers – high liquidity and low price risk and invest in these illiquid and risky sectors Advantage of financial institutions managing liquidity and price risk Diversification (due to size of funds) Development of better risk management techniques Disadvantage of delegated institutions Intermediary services are not free Agency issues Risk management Monitoring financial institutions Other special services Reduced Transaction Cost, I. E. Economies of scale Maturity Intermediation 0 Ability to bear the risk of mismatched maturities of assets and liabilities.Credit Allocation (Depository Flu) – Financial intermediaries are the major source of finance in particular sectors of an economy: residential real estate (US and UK), farming (Australia) . Intergenerational Wealth Transfer or Time Intermediation (life insurance, superannuation and pension funds) Payment Services – IFS provide efficient payment services to the society. Denomination Intermediation – Give individuals indirect access to large denomination markets (Money market managed funds, Debt-equity managed funds, Unit trusts) The Transmission of Monetary Policy (Banks) Financial intermediaries are widely used medium of exchange in the economy.Intermediaries' liabilities play significant role in the transmission of monetary policy Money supply in Australia (Don't need to know these term 0) MI : currency + bank rent deposits by private non-bank sector MM: currency + all bank deposits by private non-bank sector Broad money: MM + net borrowing of Non-bank IFS from private sector Specializes and Regulation Financial institutions receive spe cial regulatory attention Negative externalities caused by IFS is costly to households and firms using financial services Special services provided by IFS Institution- specific functions Example: money supply transmission, credit allocations, payment services Australian Regulation System The traditional industry- based regulation entailed separate regulators for individual industry sectors – banking, insurance and security firms. Asses 0 Australia's current financial regulatory framework originated from ‘Financial System Enquiry (Wallis Committee), Australia switched from industry-based regulation to function- based regulation. This introduced 3 regulatory agencies, each in charge of specific functional responsibilities. This reform was necessary as the distinction between the activities of different types of financial institutions was becoming more vague and also because of the overlap in regulation and grey areas.Reserve Bank of Australia (ARAB) 0 Responsible for the development and implementation of monetary policy and for overall financial system stability Australian Prudential Regulation Commission (PARA) 0 Responsible for the prudential regulation and supervision of the financial services industry Regulation of deposit- taking institutions Life and general insurance Superannuation Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIA) 0 Responsible for market integrity, consumer protection across the financial system and ensures equal and fair access to financial services. Protects against abuses (example: insider trading), lack of disclosure, malfeasance, breach of fiduciary responsibility.Major types of regulation(Scale) Safety and soundness regulation Consumer protection regulation Credit allocation regulation Investor protection regulation Monetary policy regulation Entry and chartering regulation 1. Risk reduction Encouragement for intermediaries to diversify assets Disclosure of large credit exposure 2. Minimum capital requirements 3. Safety valve Central banks' open market operations to provide exchange settlement fund 4. Monitoring and surveillance The ARAB directly controls outside money and the bulk of the money supply is inside money (deposits). Regulators commonly impose a minimum level of cash reserves to be held against deposits. Cash reserves add to intermediaries' net regulatory burden. There is no explicit liquidly requirement in Australia but Flu' liquidity management policy need to be approved by PARA.Supports lending to socially important sector Example: US' Qualified Thrift Lender test (QUIT) set a minimum amount of loans made to residential mortgages to quality as Thrift Entry Regulation Regulations define scope of permitted activities under a given charter Increasing/ Decreasing entry barriers affect profitability of existing competitors. High direct/ indirect entry costs result in larger profits for existing companies Future of Regulation Implications of SGF questioned – more regulations or more efficient regulations The major provisions include expanding and centralizing powers for Federal agencies, more restrictions and disclosures about risk taking activities by financial institutions and enhancing protection of investors and consumers. The changing dynamics of specializes Potential secular trend away from intermediation by investing directly in primary securities Decline in the relative cost of direct securities investment Growing sophistication of investorsFalling costs of information acquisition and transaction Credit Risk: Individual Loan Risk Types of loans 1. Commercial and industrial loans Short term (1 year) – financing the purchase of real assets, new venture start up costs Syndicated loans 0 financing provided by a group of lenders, usually to finance large commercial and industrial loans Secured/Unsecured loans Fixed/Floating rate Spot loan 0 borrower takes down the entire loan amount immediately Loan commitment 0 can taken down anytime any amo unt, as long as within a maximum loan amount and a maximum period of time predetermined Commercial paper 0 unsecured short- term debt instrument 2. Real estate loans 3. Individual (consumer) loans 4.Other loans, such as, government loans, farms loans Calculating the gross return on a loan Factors affecting the promise loan return Loan interest rate = Base/Prime lending rate (BRB) + Credit risk premium (m) Direct fees (f), such as loan origination fee Indirect feeds, such as, compensating balance requirement (b), reserve requirement Credit Risk and the Expected Return on a Loan 1 -p = probability of default 0MAYBE there is a negative relationship between k and p, however k and p are not independent. As return (k) increases, the probability (p) that the borrower pays the promised return may decrease. Simply increasing k does not lead to a higher return (r). As a result, IFS usually have to control for credit risk – price/promised return and the quantity or credit availability d imensions. Retails Loans Size = Small Higher cost associated with collection of borrower's personal credit information Control credit risk through credit rationing – limit the total exposure/amount loaned Wholesale Loans Different interest rates to compensate for different levels of risks Credit rationing to limit credit exposure Measuring credit risk 1.Qualitative credit risk models Borrower- specific factors Example: reputation, leverage, volatility of earnings, collateral Market- specific factors Example: business cycle, level of interest rate 2. Credit scoring models Calculate a score as a proxy of borrower's default probability Sort borrowers into efferent default classes The scoring model should establish factors the help explain default risk and evaluate the relative importance of these factors Major models 1. Linear probability model 1 if default, otherwise Weakness: the estimated default probability Z may lie outside of [0,1] Employing linear probability model is not often used as superior statistical 2.Logic model Overcomes weakness of the linear probability model using a transformation that restricts the probability to the [0,1] interval 3. Linear discriminate models Altar's Z score model for manufacturing firms Z 2. 9, highly quality loans, low default risk Z Term structure based methods Under market equilibrium, expected return of a risky loan = risk- free rate (after accounting for probability of default (1 -p)) Assuming a zero default recovery rate 0 p(l+k) = 1+1 p: probability of repayment k: return on the corporate debt I: expect return on the risk- free treasury security Example: What is the default probability for a one- year corporate bond? 10% expected return on the risk- free treasury bond k= 15. 8% expected return on the risky corporate debt p = 0. 95 Therefore the probability of default is 0. 05 Realistically, the Fl lender can expect to receive some partial repayment even if the borrower becomes bankrupt. Alton and Ban estimated that when firms defaulted on their bonds in 2002, the investor loses 74. % on average. = recovery rate when default occurs (1 – p) y (1 + k) = payoff to Fl when default occur p (1 + k) = payoff when no default Marginal default probability 0 probability that a bond will default in any given year t Conditional on the fact that the default has not occurred earlier = Marginal probability of default in individual periods Example: 2-period bond Default probability in period 1 Marginal default probability in period 2 Cumulative probability of default over 2 periods We can extract from these yield curves the market's expectations of the multi- period default rates for corporate borrowers Example: Yield Yield Year 1 Year 2 T- Bonds Corporate Bonds 15. 8% One year forward rate on risk- free T-bonds One- year forward rate on corporate bonds 0 The expect probability of default in year 2 0 4.Mortality rate models Marginal mortality rate (MR.) Forward- looking 0 extract expected default r ates from the current term structure of interest rates Backward looking 0 analyses the historic or past default risk experience, the mortality rates, of bonds and loans of a similar quality Non- default probability in year 1 the probability of the loan surviving in the 2nd year given that default has not occurred during the firs year, I. E. Prop(default in year 2 | survive yearly) Cumulative mortality rate (CM) Cumulative probability of default MR. is based on historic or backward-looking data, and it is highly sensitive to the period over which the Fl calculates the Mars. 5. RAZOR models It is based on market data.ROAR concept – balanced expected interest income against expected loan risk Loan approval 0 RAZOR > benchmark return on capital, example: return on equity One year net income on a loan 0 (spread + fees) * dollar value of loans outstanding Loan risk 0 duration or loan default rate Method 1: Use Duration to estimate loan risk The percentage change in the market value of an asset such as a loan is related to the duration of the loan and the size of the interest rate shock Capital at risk (Vary approach) 0 the potential loan Los under adverse credit scenarios 0 Increase in risk premium under adverse credit scenarios Example: Suppose we want to evaluate the credit risk off $1 million loan with duration of 2.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

According to Geert Hofstede there five dimensions of culture. The five dimensions are Power Distance, Individualism or Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Short or Long-Term Orientation. Power Distance The dimension of Power Distance is the attitude toward the inequalities amongst individuals in a society. Power Distance is â€Å"the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations with a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede). Trinidad scores low in power distance with a 47 (Hofstede).Individuals in Trinidad tend to be very independent. The hierarchy present is merely for convenience. There are equal rights for all. Superiors are very accessible and coaching. Management facilitates and empowers the individual. Power is decentralized. Managers rely on the experience of team members and individuals expect to be consulted. Relationships between managers and employees is informal and genera lly on a first name basis. The United States also scores low in power distance with a 40. The US also has equal rights, a hierarchy for convenience only, accessible managers, and informal communication.Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members† (Hofstede). It is whether an individual views their self-image as â€Å"We† or â€Å"I†. A society that is Individualistic, its members look after themselves and their direct family only. Trinidad scores low in the dimension of Individualism with a 16 (Hofstede). It is a collectivist society. Its members have close long-term commitments and strong relationships. Relationships between employers and employees are seen in moral terms. Hiring and promotions take into account the employees of the group.Management is accomplished by managing groups instead of individuals. The United States is a very individualistic culture. The US scores 91 in this dimension. People look after themselves and their immediate family (Hofstede). Individuals are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative. Hiring and promotions are merit based. Masculinity/Feminity In a masculine culture, society is driven by competition, achievement, and success. Successful individuals are considered to be the winners or the best in their field. A feminine culture has cares for others. The quality of an individual’s life is a sign of success.Being different is not a trait that is admired. Trinidad, with a score of 58 is a masculine culture (Hofstede). Management is decisive and assertive. Competition and equality is stressed. Conflicts are resolved by fighting it out. The United States is also considered a masculine culture with a score of 62 (Hofstede). In the US, people tend to talk about their successes and achievements. The goal is always to win. Conflicts are resolved individually. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance is how a society reacts to the fact the future is not known. Different cultures deal with the anxiety that this can bring.The people of Trinidad prefer to avoid uncertainty and score a 55 (Hofstede). They have strong beliefs and expectations for behavior. The Trinidad culture is not accepting of beliefs and behaviors that are outside the norm. The people are very precise, punctual, hard working, and busy. Their culture is very resistant to innovation. The US scores a 46 and is uncertainty accepting (Hofstede). In the US, new ideas and products are welcomed. Individuals are open to trying new ideas and technology. The culture does not require many rules. People in the US do not express their emotions are openly.Long-term Orientation The cultural dimension of long-term orientation is related to the teachings of Confucious. It deals with a cultures search for virtue. A society with a high score in long-term orientation has a future oriented view. A society with a low score has a short-term point of view. Trinidad has no score in this dimension. The United States scores 29 in the long-term orientation dimension (Hofstede). It has a short-term point of view. Its people focus on tradition. American business measure their success with financial statements issued quarterly. Individuals work for fast results.

Caffeine and Sleep Deprivation Pros and Cons for Tired...

The intent of caffeine and sleep deprivation is to help the students through pressure and stress of studying from courses that they are taking. However, in actuality, caffeine and sleep deprivation effectively enlarge the gap between proper sleep and restfulness needed for body to function efficiently. However, the effects of caffeine on elevated cognitive processes are well researched even though it is â€Å"useful for restoring basic alertness and vigilance† (Huck 489). Although, caffeine seems to provide an equal opportunity for students to excel in their studies regardless of the lack of sleep that they are receiving, there is evidence that suggests caffeine may have a distinct advantage over needed sleep. Furthermore, the paper will†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, caffeine, also known as â€Å"recreational caffeine† (Kluger), is commonly used to counter-attack sleep deprivation for people, especially for students, who need caffeine to have their studyin g done. However, with no proper sleep and restfulness, the body can become over-worked and can build up pressure where medical issues can occur, such as effects on blood pressure and tension. Over the years, caffeine is routinely used to minimize lack of performance and alertness which is â€Å"impairing effects of both total and partial sleep deprivation† (Sun 91). Evidence suggests that the loss of sleep is induced by deficits in alertness and vigilance that can be minimized by stimulants such as caffeine. It is known that caffeine â€Å"improve[s] reaction times and lapses that are induced by sleep deprivation† (Gottselig 37). In neurophysiologic and functional studies show that frontal regions of the brain are for the most part responsive to homeostatic, the stability, of sleep pressure (32). Therefore, sleep deprivation causes impairments in the prefrontal cortical function (32), where this part of the brain’s basic activity is to be made up of thoughts and actions. Thus, without the proper hours of sleep, students are not able to function and think on a high level and recover from the impairments that were caused from sleep deprivation and from caffeine intake. Also, together with sleep deprivation, cognitive abilities like wakefulness, attention,Show MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageswould be so enduring? Many of you are past users, a few even for decades. I hope you will find this new edition a worthy successor to earlier editions. I think this may even be my best book. The new Google and Starbucks cases should arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse, and these we have captured to add to learning insights. After so