Financial Analysis of Sprint - 1775 Words

Sprint Financial Analysis Introduction Objective of this report is to carry out financial analysis of Sprint (Sprint Nextel Corporation). The analysis is to evaluate the company financial and stock performances between 2009 and 2011. The evaluations objective is to determine whether Sprint is the best competitive and favorable deal for HTC (High Technology Corporation). Company Description Sprint Corporation is a global communication company focusing on both business and residential customers. The company line of business is in digital wireless communication service and Sprints FON. The company offers local, long distance and wireless communication service at local, national and global level. (Sprint Nextel, 2010). Between 2009 and 2011, the company recorded a decline in the net income making the company to record 3-year average of -7.83% in Return on Assets (ROA), -34.06% in Return on equity (ROE), and -9.36% in Return on investment (ROI). The report carries out industry analysis to compare the company with its peers. Industry Comparative Sprint operates within the wireless telecommunication service industry that provides voice, data transmission, mobile and other telecommunication services. The retail consumer industry has two basic revenue segments that include prepaid and postpaid and the industry consists of 600 companies recording over $144 billion annual revenue. (Helmer, Wexler-Beron,. Renery, 2006). However, the industry is highly concentrated by fourShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis. Sprint-Nextel and Uralsvyazinform4378 Words   |  18 Pages[pic] Financial Analysis. Sprint-Nextel and Uralsvyazinform By Alexander Bosch Jorge Hernandez Table of Contents Sprint-Nextel. History and company overview...............................................................3 Uralsvyazinform . History and company overview.........................................................4 Sprint-Nextel. Common Size Balance Sheet...................................................................5 Uralsvyazinform. Common Size Balance SheetRead MoreModule 2 Slp: Understanding Financial Reports1195 Words   |  5 PagesTUI UNIVERSITY YOUR NAME Module 2 SLP: Understanding Financial Reports ACC 501: Accounting for Decision Making Instructor Name June 22, 2012 Where to Invest, Verizon or Sprint? Most households in the US have at least one cellular phone. With the continuing increase in wireless devices and interface, it is important to look at the cellular carrier to decide who has the best coverage, best prices, and ultimately who will be able to continue to provide the best services. In deciding whichRead MoreNet Present Value of T-Mobiles Discount Rate1421 Words   |  6 Pageswill be worth more than the cost of the merger the principle is the same as for any other capital budgeting decision. AMBN (2010) notes that Sprint and T-Mobile are considering a merger. 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What Everybody Dislikes About Response Essay and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About Response Essay and Why Key Pieces of Response Essay Abortion might be murder, but it must be legal, accessible. Quite simply, you've got to analyze the chosen topic. Look up any words you don't understand, particularly if they seem important. For example in case you have read a book then you'll need to write on your response to that book. The readers like to realize that you know your history. You may assume your reader has a copy of the specific work of art or song to which you're responding. When you're reading, focus on the writer's focus. Response Essay - the Conspiracy To begin with, before you may respond to a text, you must have the ability to summarize its principal points. Bear in mind, your view is the thing that dictates a response paper. Put simply, your document won't rely on facts since it focuses more on your opinions. Besides our response letter templates you could also browse through our downloadable sample letter templates that you may use for numerous purposes and functions. A comprehensive introduction in the shape of a paragraph is a sensible approach to start but make certain it is organized. Each paragraph is going to have a topic sentence that is among the reasons to believe the thesis. The last paragraph should give a well thought summary. The very first paragraph needs to be your introduction and the previous paragraph your conclusion. Developing a summary and response essay can be a difficult endeavor. Lesson Summary The AP exam free response essay is frequently the previous part of the test. Writing a response demands an extremely careful preparation. Composing an important response needs a great in depth understanding of this issue. The Hidden Secret of Response Essay So as to compose a well-organized essay, it's important to stick to a few straightforward guidelines. For the time being, our goal is to supply you with the list of summary response essay topics, where you are able to pick yours. Whenever your response is normally posi tive, keeping evaluation from the essay is comparatively simple. It is very important to organize your essay the appropriate way. An essay was defined in an assortment of means. The exact same way you compose any other essay. Virtually all argumentative essays are based on facts that you discover on the topic to back up your claim but a personal argumentative essay is somewhat different since you can get an opinion on the discipline. In analysis, you may also write about whether you believe the author has achieved his objective. Each fictional work is going to be accompanied by means of a question which you must answer in your essay. If you're able to analyze a book, you could possibly be in a position to better investigate a lengthy report. You might not be in a position to take out a book from the library, and it's also true you may have to have a reference book for future assignments. Like an excellent public speaker, you've got to be persuasive. Alternatively, you should describe the particular details on which you're focusing and which most influence your response. A tiny change can begin a massive chain reaction in the proper direction to solving many issues involving our environment. Therefore, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to demonstrate the way the argument is dependent on questionable assumptions. Paragraph 4 considers several explanations for why river clean- up plans might not be successful (the plans could be nothing more than campaign promises or funding might not be adequate). 3-5 4 Conclusion Try to come back to the ideas in the introduction in addition to leaving with a last thought. Because such kind of the activity takes a lot of time of attentive reading and analyzing, it's necessary for you to obtain as much time as you are able to need to have an excellent paper. Wal-Mart policies don't just consist of low wages, but in addition their treatment towards women too. Though the response may start to deal with the assigned task, it provides no development. Sticking to the proper working plan, you won't miss whatever matters. You also have to plan your writing process the correct way. You have to criticize the job. All the work is guaranteed through every step along the procedure. Top Response Essay Secrets You can discover the text that has lots of examples of the way to do different sorts of composition. Thus, the riposte paper gives us the chance to enhance the article through generated personal ideas. When you have gathered many ideas, you are going to work on figuring out your primary idea. You're likely to receive all your ideas out.

Digital Communication Strategy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a report on Digital Business Communication and Its Implementation. Answer: Digital Communication Strategy and Its Implementation Strategies in business communication vary from one organization to the other. Contemporary firms thrive because of business communication. This proposal presents a digital communication plan for a marketing department in a multinational corporation. It highlights the pros and cons of each external communication, which targets consumers. The agenda for the plan is to increase sales, improve efficiency in the marketing department and create a positive corporate brand(Kaplan Haenlein, 2011). In doing so, the proposal stipulates that the strategy shall lead to customer satisfaction as well as the fulfilment of the organizations CSR practices. The proposal covers an integrative strategy that captures organizational strategies in the local and global market environment. It includes social media platforms, mobile communication, direct marketing and affiliate marketing. Multimedia advertising in the digital world today features videos, images, web content, chats, and events among others. It provides a platform for communication mix covering advertising, personal interaction, Public relations, discount promotion, direct marketing and events. This proposal discusses digital marketing functions namely: Direct Marketing via emails Networking through social media Product promotion through website Brand awareness through Youtube Sales improvement through mobile communication Background of the organization Cadbury UK has been selling chocolates for over 200 years. The British brand has obtained global status to become the second largest in the confectionery industry. It has a variety of marketing communication strategies, which start from its packaging to digital communication. Using digital communication is effective because it caters for the multicultural and multilevel needs that Cadbury possesses. Direct Marketing via emails Emails are great for official communication. Today, brands use this media to inform new and loyal customers about new products, events and planned activities. This approach builds customer loyalty, gives direct contact and personalised response. However, this has challenges in privacy and it limits access to more consumers. Networking through social media Social media communication provides for brand awareness and business networking through various links. Its objective is to influence consumer choices(Lee Kotler, 2011). New brands have an opportunity to communicate their services from reputable brands to a multitude. Affiliate marketing links connects businesses to consumers through recommendations. Sharing and connecting businesses also give consumers a chance to give feedback. Cadburys UK has customer review segments where the users give their views on its products. Its website connects to Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and email portals. However, it is prone to attack from malicious competitors. Product promotion through websites Cadbury has personalised chocolates segment of its web page is attractive(Cadbury, 2017). It encourages customer participation in the creative development of the products. The platform connects customers to sales and nutritional informations for value addition. It is disadvantageous because of the costs, cybercrime and bad publicity. Brand awareness through Youtube Cadbury uses Youtube to share recipes and confectionery ideas to its clients. Customers can also learn about the brand history from its videos. This connects the brand to customers in foreign locations like Africa and Asia where the chocolate culture is different. Although it is a good way of sharing brand information, it is also less credible and the system faces risks of content manipulation. Sales improvement through mobile communication Telephone communication is one of the direct marketing tactics. In the digital era, mobile advertising is convenient because the brand is able to deliver products within a location. This improves sales as customers purchase and place delivery requests for friends and family. The table below shows a 12-week plan for the marketing strategy Digital Communication Approach Objective Expected Outcome Timeline Social Media Customer experience Customer interaction/loyalty Brand awareness Week 1 Emails Direct marketing Business to business communication Week 2 Mobile communication Target marketing Market research Week 4 Website Networking B2B Week 6 You Tube PR Brand information Week 8 Sales Promotions Sales promotions Increased sales Week 12 Figure 1: Digital marketing time plan Therefore, the integrated approach may require many activities for different functions but there is proof of its success(Kim Ko, 2012). Digital marketing improves the customer perception because it communicates the brand elements using a creative and affordable model. It also facilitates for feedback from the consumer, competitors and stakeholders. Digital Communication Strategy for Cadburys Marketing Unit Introduction Digital marketing communication approaches forms part of strategic planning in business(Chaffey, 2017). The most important aspect of digital communication is its effect in achieving the stipulated objectives. Complex organizations like the Multi-National Corporations need an integrated approach that is able to capture all its activities. The McKinsey 7S model formulates its plan using Strategy, Skills, Staff, Structure, Systems, Shared Values and Style(Drew, 2014). These form the structural basis for this digital marketing communication strategy. This method is ideal because it copes with the dynamism of the business environment. Technology solutions provide innovative solutions that change with times. The cost factor is also important for Cadbury because offline advertising strategies like print and TV cost billions of dollars. Electronic communication in marketing is also specific and suitable for the target market. An effective, reliable and affordable method facilitates for chang e management and it keeps the brand ahead of its competition. Shramms Model of communication integrates the types of communication across Cadbury multinational set up giving the brand and consumers a chance to interact in circular communication(Businesstopia, 2017). It encourages mass communication through multimedia platforms. Business brands like Cadbury also find digital media resourceful because of analytics and consumer research. However, the challenge with digital communication is in the market environment where competition is rife. Digital Business Communication and Mckinsey Model Customer experience is at the center stage of the multilevel digital communication. The adoption of strategy in digital communication remains focused on the customer. For example when Cadbury has a new product arising from its constant innovation, it needs a digital marketing plan, which seeks to fulfill the customer satisfaction agenda. Coordinating the social media, direct marketing and promotional discounts facilitate for the customer interaction(Eldelman Heller, 2015). In order for the digital marketing process to succeed, proper communication structures must be in place. The figure below gives an example. Figure 2: Mckinsey Model as the structural framework for implementation Customer experience In this segment, the multichannel experience used by Cadbury includes social media platforms for a wider experience. Customers who like sharing photos can access images of Cadbury products and creative recipes on Instagram. The twitter platform connects the brand to both consumers and competitor brands and Facebook customers can associate with the brand through likes and followership. This enhances brand loyalty while capturing the attention of new customers(Kim Ko, 2012). Some of the challenges that the brand should expect to face include malicious mudslings, content manipulation by competitors and difficulty managing open ideas(Macnamara Zerfass, 2012). Product and Service Innovation The website is an idea place to introduce a new product because it connects to other platforms including emails, social media and affiliates. Creativity in the food industry is because of competition. Cadburys constant innovation calls for regular communication with the consumer hence the need for a reliable approach(Beske, et al., 2014). The internet links easily go viral to spread new information within the shortest time. A successful launch with videos, images and written content shared across the globe bears more fruit for the organization. Sales and marketing and Distribution The best communication has an objective of bearing much fruit in returns and it saves time. Digital communication is cheaper for both customers and internal needs. However, its execution determines the success factors. Websites, emails, and mobile tools have a fast mode of relaying information to the stakeholders. When it comes to marketing, these provide target communication. The use of attractive images, color, graphics and content attracts the right kind of consumers. Sales promotions done by Cadbury are ideal for the business-to-consumer functions. Cadbury as a producer also has business-to-business interactions with the distributors. Communication in this case may have less colorful content but detailed written information(Swani, et al., 2014). Figure 3: Cadbury B2B advertising for retail stores (adopted from, (Corry, 2014) Risk Optimization and Corporate Control E-commerce has risks that digital communication has a risk optimization plan in which it gives customers insights on products. Any issue of concern about Cadbury as a brand requires positive PR to counter the negative PR. Its presence on Pinterest and Google Plus gives more support to the functions and activities of the organization such as mergers, acquisitions and new products(Moeller, 2012). Digital communication in risk management comes in handy during the planning stage, management and response(Coombs, 2014). E-networks provide an opportunity for Cadbury to reveal its intention as a PR strategy. This is necessary when the brand seeks to heighten customer expectation, counter competitor actions, or clarify concerns about its products or brand image. Conclusion Brand communication is part of an organizations internal strategies. Cadbury is a cross-national brand with a high reputation across the globe. Part of its success is due to effective management of its processes. Digital communication is a best practice that modern organizations such as Cadbury use for different reasons. Each digital tool used for communicating with stakeholders has its pros and cons. Most consumers interact on social media for fun and sharing information but brands take advantage of then traffic online for business. Cadbury has plans for communicating with consumers and distribution points. The choice of communication plan considers the cost, and design of the strategy. Constant innovation of Cadbury products imply that the brand needs to update the consumer on what is new and what is old. The use of appropriate systems delivers the message effectively. Bibliography Beske, P., Land, A. Seuring, S., 2014. Sustainable supply chain management practices and dynamic capabilities in the food industry: A critical analysis of the literature. INternational Journal of Production Economics, Volume 152, pp. 131-143. Businesstopia, 2017. Shramm's Model of Communication. [Online] Available at: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/schramms-model-communication [Accessed 15 August 2017]. Cadbury, U., 2017. Cadbury Gifts Direct. [Online] Available at: https://www.cadburygiftsdirect.co.uk/personalise [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Chaffey, D., 2017. Using a digital plan to support digital transformation. [Online] Available at: https://www.smartinsights.com/digital-marketing-strategy/digital-strategy-development/10-reasons-for-digital-marketing-strategy/ [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Coombs, W., 2014. Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing and responding. s.l.:Sage. Corry, W., 2014. In-store promotional campaign/ 'unwrap joy' with cadbury and RPM. Marketing Blog, 24 November. Drew, 2014. McKinsey's 6 ways is being reshaped by digital. [Online] Available at: https://battenhall.net/blog/mckinseys-6-ways-business-reshaped-digital/ [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Eldelman, D. Heller, J., 2015. How digital marketing operations can transform business. Marketing and Strategy, July. Eldman, D., 2017. How to get value from digital marketing. [Online] Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/four-ways-to-get-more-value-from-digital-marketing [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Kaplan, A. Haenlein, M., 2011. Two hearts in three quarer time: How to waltz the social media/viral marketig dance. Business Horizons, 54(3), pp. 253-263. Kim, A. Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), pp. 1480-1486. Kim, A. Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), pp. 1480-1486. Lee, N. R. Kotler, P., 2011. Social marketing: Influencing behaviors for good. s.l.:Sage. Macnamara, J. Zerfass, A., 2012. Social media communication in organizations: The Challenges of balancing openness, strategy, and management. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 6(4), pp. 287-308. Moeller, S., 2012. Case Study: Krafts takeover of Cadbury. Financial Times, 9 January. Swani, K., Brown, B. Milne, G., 2014. Should tweets differ for B2B and B2C?. Industrial marketing Management, 43(5), pp. 873-881.

Ptang, yang, kipperbang Essay Example

Ptang, yang, kipperbang Paper Ptang, yang, kipperbang is a play written for television which focuses around the life of a teenage boy, named Alan Duckworth. Set after the war, the play gives the viewer or reader a well documented insight into teenage life at this point in time. The main character, Alan is not only a keen cricket fan like most boys his age, but has developed an infatuation for an attractive girl in his school. Although at first glance Alan seems to be like any other teenager, beneath this image is a boy who is healthily in touch with his feminine side. This leads to a play which not only adopts a successful comedy routine between Alan and his friends, but in the end, turns Alan into the unlikely hero of the play. The writer of the play, Jack Rosenthal ensures Ptang, yang, kipperbang sets itself from the crowd. He achieves this by using a certain dramatic device, which can only be labelled as genius. Rosenthal employs John Arlott, a famous sports commentator to provide play-by-play of the test cricket match, England against Australia to coincide with the events in Alans life. Its this commentary along with Rosenthals thought and preparation into the characters, which makes Ptang, yang, kipperbang such a joy to read and even more so to watch. The stage directions can not be ignored when reading the play, but naturally they go without acknowledgement. When watching the play, however they obtain a high degree of importance throughout the production, from Alans jerk in pain when he receives his punishment from the headmaster to Anns kiss on the cheek towards the end of the play, they all serve a purpose, some more than others. We will write a custom essay sample on Ptang, yang, kipperbang specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ptang, yang, kipperbang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ptang, yang, kipperbang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Its these stage directions which highlight the fact that Ptang, yang, kipperbang is in fact a play written for television and not for the stage. For one, the majority of the stage directions required for the play to be acted out to full effect demands a physically larger area than a stage. For example, Alans daily chores for his father, which were in fact an excuse for Alan to indulge himself in Anns presence. The scenarios used in the play also demonstrate that the play was written for television. This is evident in that there are so many scenarios in the play, I dont know where to start. From the school grounds where Alan talks to the caretaker, Tommy about cricket and life in general, to Anns house where as soon as Alans love object is out of view, he U-turns to arrive home. Upon review of the play, my favourite scene was undecided. There were so many that stuck out in my mind as memorable, such as the cross country P. E lesson, a classic example of the chemistry between Alan and his friends along with their comical antics. Alan is shocked and insulted when he discovers prostitutes refuse to kiss; (stops dead) They wont kiss? His friends reply by crudely remarking that its a price theyre willing to pay to employ a prostitute. Another scene which I find to be one of my favourites is one of the many Tommy and Miss Land conversations, the particular one I have in mind however is that of when Tommy is enlightened by Miss Land that she had a relationship with an American during the war. Miss Lands addition of virtually to the end of every sentence, along with Tommys irony makes the scene an asset to the play; One! One American! Virtually.. Old men and Yanks! Bloody old two-faced fogeys and randy Yanks! While me and my oppos are spilling blood and guts all over Africa and France and the sodding Rhineland! Both Tommy and Miss Land are lying to themselves in this scene. Miss Lands self deceit is visually obvious as her virtually spree suggests. Later in the play, Tommys claims of fighting valiantly in the war turn out to be false, he mentions in spite of Miss Land that he was fighting for Queen and country whilst she meddled with old men and foreigners. These two scenes, however entertaining, come in at a close fourth and third in my opinion. One of the two scenes that I have decided are joint for first place is Alans scene with the Headmaster, the comments between thrashes and the Headmasters demeanour throughout is what makes this scene primarily so entertaining. Alans physical response to his punishment, him avoiding contact with a seat for some time after, also adds to the value of this scene. I think Jack Rosenthal achieves such a level of humour from a place with the opposite emotional atmosphere (being the dreaded Headmasters office) by using this feeling of dread to his advantage. Instead of portraying the Headmaster as a stern and cold man, he shows that not only has he the strictness to be a Headmaster, but the unique blend of a sense of humour as well. Its this combination that makes the scene such joy to read. The other scene that makes up my personal top spot double is yet another example of the rib-tickling chemistry between Alan and his friends which explained earlier, is just one of several wild-cards Rosenthal uses to make Ptang, yang, kipperbang what it is, a successful comedy play written for television. The scene in question is the brilliant pontoon game parody staged in the boys lavatory. Alans half participation in the game, explaining the days earlier events, whilst his friends play with a trance-like attitude is entertaining on its own. As the scene goes on, Alan grows more impatient with his unimpressed companions. The game continues and his friends, still oblivious to Alans dilemmas and more to the game at hand, and in an ironic twist reveal they have lost patience with him. Sod off Quack-Quack. Youre getting on my nerves! (Turns his cards over) Pontoon. Match null and void. Ungentlemanly play from Quack-Quack. I had bloody pontoon! As Quack-Quack or Alan detaches from his friends, there are no signs of Alan even being present. Pontoon seems to be the popular topic of choice. In my opinion, Ptang, yang, kipperbang offers much more than meets the eye. One of the things I picked up from the play was its employment of comedy to put across certain points, for example, the daily after school pressing sessions. This demonstrates adolescent behaviour in a humorous and nai ve manner. This is a frequent occurrence throughout the play, which proves to be a success. The point made at the end by two workmen on Alans street, which primarily left me in a state of confusion as well as no doubt many others came in the form of the following; Hell be starting shaving next. Then spend the rest of his life trying to stop the bleeding. Although vague, I interpret the comments to be a forecast for later on in Alans life where as the workmen believe, despite his current desire to grow up will lead Alan to long for his days as a schoolboy again. This may be Jack Rosenthals way of presenting the stereotypical old mans clichi. The time you spend in school are the best days of your life.

40 Different Ways to Define What Archaeologists Do

40 Different Ways to Define What Archaeologists Do Archaeology has been defined by many people in many different ways since the formal study began 150 years ago. Of course, some of the differences in those definitions reflect the dynamic nature of the field. If you look at the  history of archaeology, you will notice that the study has become more scientific over time, and more focused on human behavior. But mostly, these definitions are simply subjective, reflecting how individuals look at and feel about archaeology. Archaeologists speak from their varied experiences in the field and in the lab. Non-archaeologists speak from their vision of the archaeology, as filtered by what archaeologists say, and by how popular media presents the study. In my opinion, all of these definitions are valid expressions of what archaeology is. Defining Archaeology Archaeologists work at the excavation site of No. 1 pit of the Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Lintong District of Xian, Shaanxi Province, China. (August 2009).   China Photos / Getty Images [Archaeology is] the discipline with the theory and practice for the recovery of unobservable hominid behavior patterns from indirect traces in bad samples. David Clarke. 1973. Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence. Antiquity 47:17. Archaeology is the scientific study of peoples of the past... their culture and their relationship with their environment. The purpose of archaeology is to understand how humans in the past interacted with their environment, and to preserve this history for present and future learning. Larry J. Zimmerman Archaeology is a term which can be interpreted in different ways, given the broad range of research methods, periods and activities that can constitute archaeology and its research. Suzie Thomas. Community archaeology. Key Concepts in Public Archaeology. Ed. Moshenska, Gabriel. London: UCL Press, 2017. 15. Historical archaeology is more than just a treasure hunt. It is a challenging search for clues to the people, events, and places of the past. Society for Historical Archaeology Archaeology is about adventure and discovery, it involves explorations in exotic places (near or far) and it is carried out by digging detectives. Arguably, in popular culture, the research process- archaeology in action- has actually been more important than the actual research results themselves.  Cornelius Holtorf. Archaeology Is a Brand! The Meaning of Archaeology in Contemporary Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 2016. 45 Archaeology is our way of reading that message and understanding how these peoples lived. Archaeologists take the clues left behind by the people of the past, and, like detectives, work to reconstruct how long ago they lived, what they ate, what their tools and homes were like, and what became of them. State Historical Society of South Dakota Archaeology is the scientific study of past cultures and the way people lived based on the things they left behind. Alabama Archaeology Archaeology is not a science because it does not apply any recognised model has no validity: each science studies a different subject and therefore uses, or could use, a different model. Merilee Salmon, quote suggested by Andrea Vianello. A Mind-Numbing Job Archaeologists have the most mind-numbing job on the planet. Bill Watterson. Calvin and Hobbes, 17 June 2009. After all, archeology is fun. Hell, I dont break the soil periodically to reaffirm my status. I do it because archeology is still the most fun you can have with your pants on. Kent V. Flannery. 1982. The golden Marshalltown: A parable for the archeology of the 1980s. American Anthropologist 84:265-278. [Archaeology] seeks to discover how we became human beings endowed with minds and souls before we had learned to write. Grahame Clarke. 1993. A Path to Prehistory. Cited in Brian Fagans Grahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archaeologist. 2001. Westview Press. Archaeology puts all human societies on an equal footing. Brian Fagan. 1996. Introduction to the Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press, New York. Archeology is the only branch of anthropology where we kill our informants in the process of studying them. Kent Flannery. 1982. The golden Marshalltown: A parable for the archeology of the 1980s. American Anthropologist 84:265-278. The fundamental problem of using statistics in archaeology is quantification, i.e., the reduction of collections of objects to datasets. Clive Orton. Data. A Dictionary of Archaeology. Eds. Shaw, Ian and Robert Jameson. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. 194. Archaeology is like life: if youre going to accomplish anything you have to learn to live with regret, learn from mistakes, and get on with it.  Tom King. 2005. Doing Archaeology. Left Coast Press Partaking of the Past Throne Room, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ed Freeman / Getty Images The archaeologist partakes of, contributes to, is validated by, and dutifully records present-day social and political structures in the identification of research problems and in the interpretation of findings. It remains for reflective, socio-political research in archaeology to decipher the present while we unearth the past, and to distinguish the two whenever possible. Joan Gero. 1985. Socio-politics and the woman-at-home ideology. American Antiquity 50(2):347 Archaeology is not simply the finite body of artefactual evidence uncovered in excavations. Rather, archaeology is what archaeologists say about that evidence. It is the ongoing process of discussing the past which is, in itself, an ongoing process. Only recently have we begun to realise the complexity of that discourse. ... [T]he discipline of archaeology is a site of disputationa dynamic, fluid, multidimensional engagement of voices bearing upon both past and present. John C. McEnroe. 2002. Cretan Questions: Politics and archaeology 1898-1913. In Labyrinth Revisited: Rethinking Minoan Archaeology, Yannis Hamilakis, editor. Oxbow Books, Oxford Public archaeology is not only a matter of working with communities or providing educational opportunities. It is about management and the construction of knowledge and the concept of heritage. Lorna-Jane Richardson, and Jaime Almansa-Snchez. Do You Even Know What Public Archaeology Is? Trends, Theory, Practice, Ethics. World Archaeology 47.2 (2015): 194-211. Print. [Archaeology] is not what you find, it’s what you find out. David Hurst Thomas. 1989. Archaeology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2nd edition, page 31. I can understand archaeology being attacked on the ground of its excessive realism, but to attack it as pedantic seems to be very much beside the mark. However, to attack it for any reason is foolish; one might just as well speak disrespectfully of the equator. For archaeology, being a science, is neither good nor bad, but a fact simply. Its value depends entirely on how it is used, and only an artist can use it. We look to the archaeologist for the materials, to the artist for the method. Indeed, archaeology is only really delightful when transfused into some form of art. Oscar Wilde. 1891. The Truth of Masks, Intentions (1891), and page 216 in The Works of Oscar Wilde. 1909. Edited by Jules Barbey dAurevilly, Lamb: London. The Search for Fact Tikal - the Rebel Base. Hector Garcia Archaeology is the search for fact, not truth. Indiana Jones. 1989. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Screenplay by Jeff Boam, story by George Lucas and Menno Meyjes. An aware, responsible and engaged global archaeology might be a relevant, positive force which recognizes and celebrates difference, diversity and real multivocality. Under common skies and before divided horizons, exposure to global difference and alterity prompts us all to seek responses and responsibility. Lynn Meskell. 1998. Introduction: Archaeology matters. In Archaeology Under Fire. Lynn Meskell (ed.), Routledge Press, London. p. 5. Archaeology is the study of humanity itself, and unless that attitude towards the subject is kept in mind archaeology will be overwhelmed by impossible theories or a welter of flint chips. Margaret Murray. 1961. First steps in archaeology. Antiquity 35:13 This has become the archaeologists grandiose task: to make dried-up wellsprings bubble forth again, to make the forgotten known again, the dead alive, and to cause to flow once more that historic stream in which we are all encompassed. C. W. Ceram. 1949. Gods, Graves and Scholars. Thanks to Marilyn Johnson for the suggestion. Archaeology is the only discipline that seeks to study human behavior and thought without having any direct contact with either. Bruce G. Trigger. 1991. Archaeology and epistemology: Dialoguing across the Darwinian chasm. American Journal of Archaeology 102:1-34. A Voyage to the Past Archaeology is our voyage to the past, where we discover who we were and therefore who we are. Camille Paglia. 1999. Mummy Dearest: Archaeology is Unfairly Maligned by Trendy Academics. Wall Street Journal, p. A26 [Archaeology is] a vast fiendish jigsaw puzzle invented by the devil as an instrument of tantalizing torture.  Paul Bahn. 1989 Bluff your way through archaeology. Egmont House: London The role of New World archaeology in providing material for the study of aesthetics is not inconsiderable, but is tangential to the main interest and non-significant from the point of view of theory. In short, paraphrasing [Frederic William] Maitlands famous dictum: New World archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing. Philip Phillips. 1955. American archaeology and general anthropological theory. Southwestern Journal of Archaeology 11:246. By and by, anthropology will have the choice between being history and being nothing. Frederic William Maitland. 1911. The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland, vol. 3. Edited by H.A.L. Fisher. This feature is part of the About.com Guide to Field Definitions of Archaeology and Related Disciplines. Geoff Carvers Collection of Archaeology Definitions Archaeology is that branch of science which is concerned with past phases of human culture; in practice it is concerned more, but not exclusively, with early and prehistoric phases than with those illustrated by written documents. O.G.S. Crawford, 1960. Archaeology in the Field. Phoenix House, London. [Archaeology] is the method of finding out about the past of the human race in its material aspects, and the study of the products of this past. Kathleen Kenyon, 1956. Beginning in Archaeology. Phoenix House, London. Archaeology Definition: A Few Thousand Years British archaeologist Leonard Woolley (right) and T E Lawrence with a Hittite bas-relief in basalt at the ancient city of Carchemish, Turkey, 1913.   Pierre Perrin / Sygma / Getty Images Archaeology... deals with a period limited to a few thousand years and its subject is not the universe, not even the human race, but modern man. C. Leonard Woolley, 1961. Digging up the Past. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Archaeology is what archaeologists do. David Clarke, 1973 Archaeology: the loss of innocence. Antiquity 47:6-18. Archaeology is, after all, one discipline. David Clarke, 1973 Archaeology: the loss of innocence. Antiquity 47:6-18. Defining Archaeology: The Value of an Object Field Archaeology is the application of scientific method to the excavation of ancient objects, and it is based on the theory that the historical value of an object depends not so much on the nature of the object itself as on its associations, which only scientific excavation can detect... digging consists very largely in observation, recording and interpretation. C. Leonard Woolley, 1961. Digging up the Past. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Archaeology – the knowledge of how man has acquired his present position and powers – is one of the widest studies, best fitted to open the mind, and to produce that type of wide interests and toleration which is the highest result of education. William Flinders Petrie, 1904 Methods and Aims in Archaeology. Macmillan and Co., London. Archaeology Definition: Not Things, But People If there be a connecting theme in the following pages, it is this: an insistence that the archaeologist is digging up, not things, but people. R.E. Mortimer Wheeler, 1954. Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Field archaeology is, not surprisingly, what archaeologists do in the field. However, it also has a considerable pre-field element and an even more considerable post-field element. Sometimes the term ‘field archaeology’ is used only to refer to techniques, other than excavation, used by archaeologists in the field. ‘Field archaeology’ used in this way refers essentially to the battery of non-destructive field techniques used to locate areas of archaeological interest (sites). Peter L. Drewett, 1999. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. UCL Press, London. We are concerned here with methodical digging for systematic information, not with the upturning of earth in a hunt for the bones of saints and giants or the armoury of heroes, or just plainly for treasure. R.E. Mortimer Wheeler, 1954. Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Material Remains of the Human Past Classical Greek terracotta gorgoneion antefix (roof tile), 2nd half of 5th c BC. The Metropolitan Museum, New York The Greeks and Romans, though they were interested in the early development of man and in the status of their barbarian neighbours, did not develop the necessary prerequisites for writing prehistory, namely the collection, excavation, classification, description and analysis of the material remains of the human past. Glyn E. Daniel, 1975. A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology. 2nd ed. Duckworth, London. [Archaeology] researches tending to illustrate the monuments and remains of antiquity. T. J. Pettigrew, 1848. Introductory address. Transactions of the British Archaeological Association 1-15. So lsst sich Archologie bestimmen als die Wissenschaft vom materiellen Erbe der antiken Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes. German. August Herman Niemeyer, cited in C. Huber and F. X. Schà ¼tz, 2004. Einfà ¼hrung in Archologische Informationssysteme (AIS): Ein Methodenspektrum fà ¼r Schule, Studium und Beruf mit Beispielen auf CD. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.

The 17 Largest College Football Stadiums in America

The 17 Largest College Football Stadiums in America SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Attending home football games can be a huge part of the college experience. Camping out for tickets, tailgating for hours on game day, and cheering their teams on to victory in packed stadiums are cherished memories for countless college alumni. While you shouldn’t choose your college solely for its football team or stadium, if you think you would enjoy the atmosphere of big-time college sports, then it’s reasonable for the athletics environment at a school to play a role in your college decision. In this article, I’ll provide you with a list of the 17 largest college football stadiums in the country. To give you some perspective on the size of these stadiums, the largest NFL stadium, Met Life Stadium, would only be number 16 on this list. These are not only the largest college football stadiums, but they're also the largest stadiums in the country. The List of the Largest College Football Stadiums in the United States #1: Michigan Stadium- University of Michigan Wolverines (107,601) Facts Third largest stadium in the world behind Rungnado May Day Stadium in North Korea and Salt Lake Stadium in India Nicknamed "The Big House" The first game was played there on October 1, 1927 between Michigan and Ohio Wesleyan #2: Beaver Stadium- Penn State University Nittany Lions (106,572) Facts Built in 1960 in a horseshoe configuration seating 46,284 Lights were added in 1984 The stadium is named for James A. Beaver, a brigadier general for the Union Army in the Civil War who served as governor of Pennsylvania and president of the University's Board of Trustees #3: Kyle Field- Texas AM University Aggies (102,512) Facts In 2015, the capacity was increased from 82,600 Known as the "Home of the 12th Man" Largest stadium in the SEC #4: Ohio Stadium- The Ohio State University Buckeyes (104,944) Facts Built in 1922 for $1.3 million Refurbished in 2001 for slightly more than $194 million Known as "The Horseshoe" for its horseshoe configuration #5: Neyland Stadium- University of Tennessee Volunteers (102,455) Facts Named for General Robert Neyland, Tennessee football head coach from 1926-1952 Opened in 1921 as Shields-Watkins Field More than 25 million people have attended football games at Neyland Stadium #6: Tiger Stadium- Louisiana State University Tigers (102,321) Facts The first game played at Tiger Stadium was in 1924 against Tulane The first night game was played in 1931 against Spring Hill Since the NCAA began compiling attendance records in 1957, LSU has averaged 77,647 spectators for its games in Tiger Stadium #7: Bryant-Denny Stadium- University of Alabama Crimson Tide (101, 821) Facts Denny Stadium opened in 1929 with a 55-0 victory over Mississippi College The stadium was renamed Bryant-Denny Stadium in 1976 in honor of Coach Paul Bryant Alabama has won more than 80% of its games in Bryant-Denny Stadium #8: Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium- University of Texas-Austin Longhorns (100,119) Facts The original stadium was completed in 1924 and dedicated to the Texans who lost their lives in World War I In 1977, the stadium was rededicated to the memories of all alumni who had fought in all American wars The stadium was officially named after football coach Darrell K. Royal in 1996 #9: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum- University of Southern California Trojans (93,067) Facts The Coliseum is jointly owned by the State of California, Los Angeles County, and the City of Los Angeles The Coliseum has hosted two Olympic games, in 1932 and 1984 The Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball played at the Coliseum from 1958-1962 #10: Sanford Stadium- University of Georgia Bulldogs (92,746) Facts Named for Dr. SV Sanford, former president of the university It was opened in 1929 It hosted the medal round of the 1996 Olympic men's and women's soccer competition #11: Rose Bowl- UCLA Bruins (92,542) Facts The Rose Bowl has hosted five Super Bowls It was built in 1922, but it wasn't home to UCLA's football games until 1982 Site of the New Year's Tournament of Roses Football Game #12: Memorial Stadium- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Cornhuskers (92,000) Facts Every home football game has sold out since 1962 Statues of former Nebraska coach Tom Osborne and former Nebraska quarterback Brook Berringer can be found outside the north side of the stadium When full, Memorial Stadium holds more people than any Nebraska city other than Omaha and Lincoln #13: Ben Hill Griffin Stadium- University of Florida Gators (88,548) Facts More commonly known as "The Swamp" "The Swamp" was coined by former coach Steve Spurrier in the 1990's The stadium was originally constructed in 1930 #14: Jordan-Hare Stadium- Auburn University Tigers (87,451) Facts The stadium is named for Ralph "Shug" Jordan, Auburn's all-time winningest football coach, and Clifford Leroy Hare, a member of Auburn's first football team and president of the Southern Conference The turf is known as Pat Dye Field, named after former coach Pat Dye In 1939, the first game was played there to a 7-7 tie against the University of Florida #15: Doak Campbell Stadium- Florida State University Seminoles (82,300) Facts In 2004, the turf was named Bobby Bowden Field after legendary coach Bobby Bowden Doak Campbell Stadium opened on October 7,1950 when Florida State defeated Randolph-Macon 40-7. It's named after Doak S. Campbell, president of the university at the time of its construction #16: Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium- University of Oklahoma Sooners (82,112) Facts The stadium opened October 20,1923 against Washington University (Missouri) Also known as "The Palace on the Prairie" During the Great Depression and Dust Bowl, the stadium served as a dorm for young men attending the university #17: Memorial Stadium- Clemson University Tigers (81,500) Facts More commonly known as "Death Valley" Stadium opened on September 19, 1942 with a 32-13 victory over Presbyterian College Much of the construction of the stadium was done by scholarship athletes What's Next? Whether the athletics environment of the school is a factor in your college decision or not, I highly recommend that you review this article on how to choose a college. If you subscribe to the philosophy that "bigger is better," check out this post on the biggest colleges in America. If you prefer to have smaller classes and be part of a close-knit community, learn about the best small colleges. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Renewable Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Renewable Energy - Essay Example le published in How to Power the World, â€Å"the waste products of nuclear power contain â€Å"high levels of radioactive (materials which) is very dangerous. It lasts for tens of thousands of years before decaying to safe levels. It is highly radioactive and is probably the biggest hurdle we face if nuclear power is going to be taken seriously† (How to Power the World 2010). Nuclear energy has great potentials to augment sources of energy in the future. It use, however, should be further evaluated in terms its long term effect to the environment and the risks it poses to the existence of mankind. Another article entitled An Ocean Breeze: Mapping Brazil’s Offshore Wind Power Potential written by Riebeek (2009) proffered his experience on â€Å"assessing the feasibility of an offshore wind farm southeast of Brazil† (Riebeek, 2009, par. 1). His project entailed measuring wind speeds using Nasa’s QuikScat. The limitations of using this approach coupled with other challenges including the number of turbines that must be built in their projected location showed that although this source of renewable energy is viable in Brazil, there are other factors that need to be seriously evaluated prior to its implementation. The high investment cost proved to be a barrier for implementation as private or public organizations need to examine if the returns on investment would justify the initial funds needed to support and sustain this energy source. among all of its potential applications, hydrogens only waste or byproduct is H 2 O pure water, hydrogen fueled combustion engines actually clean the air they pass through (Alternative Energy, n.d., par. 3) it is costly to produce, dangerous to store, difficult to transport, tricky to distribute and its volumetric energy intensity is much lower than that of other liquid fuels like ethanol or gasoline. Safety would be another problem and it would be an enormous job, and would take many years, to accomplish the logistics and

Information Systems management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Information Systems management - Research Paper Example expenditure from 10 to 6 billion dollars and development time from 6 to 4 years (Tang &Zimmerman, 2009).Supply chain integration is basically the â€Å"approach of technically linking supply chain of vendors and customers† so as to make sure the â€Å"process is streamlined and to increase efficiency and accuracy.†(Pearlson & Saunders, 2010, p.152).However the final outcome was a complete opposite. As things stand now, apart from the project being in over budget of billions of dollars, it is also behind schedule by 3 years (Steve, 2013). Boeing’s Chief of Commercial Airplanes, Jim Albaugh, explains that they have spent so much more money than anticipated trying to recover than they ever would have used had they tried keeping major technologies nearer home (Steve, 2013). The main problem facing Boeing is shortfall in supplier oversight due to enthusiastic embrace of Integrated Supplier Information System, which allows suppliers to log in a portal, provided by Boeing, and thus need not necessarily meet with Boeing’s main team in US (Steve, 2013). Boeing further, rather than planning for face-to-face basis of communication, or on-site communication relied so much on their information systems with a web-based communications instrument known as Exostar that required suppliers to feed the latest information regarding their work progress (Steve, 2013). This IT equipment was to offer improved control, supply chain visibility as well as integration of important business processes, thus reducing development cost and time (Steve, 2013).Thus, instead of face-to-face kind of communication, the information technology tool was supposed to, in real time, flag problems. Not surprisingly, this technology miserably failed. As a result of this â€Å"remote con trol† outsourcing business, Boeing 787 encountered several Information systems problems that included electrical system faults in addition to battery issues that resulted to the Dreamliner’s grounding (Dominic, 2013). This

Words and names for the Scarlet Letter Essay Example for Free

Words and names for the Scarlet Letter Essay 1. â€Å"‘But she—the naughty baggage—little will she care what they put upon the bodice of her gown!’† (49) CM: Like many Puritan women in Boston, this woman illustrates the hate they all have for Hester Prynne, by declaring that Hester is unmoved by her sin. 2. â€Å"‘Ah, but,† interposed, more softly, a young wife, holding a child by the hand, let her cover the mark as she will, the pang of it will be always in her heart.’† (49) CM: This woman, who is holding a child, does not speak of Hester harshly, but by bringing her child, she portrays that she wants her child to envision Hester as second class, too. 3. â€Å"‘What do we talk of marks and brands, whether on the bodice of her gown, or the flesh of her forehead? cried another female, the ugliest as well as the most pitiless of these self-constituted judges. â€Å"This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die.’† (49) CM: When the narrator depicts that the â€Å"ugliest as well as the most pitiless† of these women desires for Hester to die, he argues that jealousy is a common trait for all women; he makes a connection that the ugliest woman wishes the worst for Hester, because she is jealous. 4. â€Å"When the young woman—the mother of this child—stood fully revealed before the crowd, it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom; not so much by an impulse of motherly affection, as that she might thereby conceal a certain token, which was wrought or fastened into her dress.† (50) CM: People attempt to conceal their mistakes, so they never become  embarrassed; Hester yearns to disguise her bosom, to avoid being looked down upon in disgust. 5. â€Å"On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter â€Å"A.†Ã¢â‚¬  (50) CM: The letter â€Å"A† that contained â€Å"elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread† that she sewed was a brand meant to damage Hester, but instead, she turned the situation around, and distinguished the â€Å"A† as a work of art. 6. â€Å"It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary regulations of the colony.† (50-51) CM: This scarlet letter functioned as a beautiful design, causing the women in the colony to aspire it as it was not of typical Puritan design and fashion. 7. â€Å"But the point which drew all eyes and, as it were, transfigured the wearer—so that both men and women, who had been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne were now impressed as if they beheld her for the first time—was that Scarlet Letter, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom.† (51) CM: The â€Å"A†, like a gorgeous piece of jewelry that women fancied, caused many women to be jealous; it drew the attention of both men and women alike. 8. â€Å"It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself.† (51) CM: The scarlet letter was something Hester designed delicately and beautifully, and she was proud of it; this exemplifies her regal character, instead of making  her shameful. 9. â€Å"‘She hath good skill at her needle, thats certain, remarked one of her female spectators; but did ever a woman, before this brazen hussy, contrive such a way of showing it.’† (51) CM: These women, trying to demolish Hester’s name and reputation, speak of her mistakes; yet forget that they themselves are human, and ones who compose mistakes as well. 10. â€Å"‘It were well, muttered the most iron-visaged of the old dames, if we stripped Madame Hesters rich gown off her dainty shoulders; and as for the red letter, which she hath stitched so curiously, Ill bestow a rag of mine own rheumatic flannel, to make a fitter one!’† (52) CM: In this novel, these jealous women are named â€Å"gossips†, which is a pun to today’s definition of the word â€Å"gossip†; this implies that ugly women are jealous of Hester Prynne, because she is described as a beautiful, delicate woman. 11. â€Å"‘Not a stitch in that embroidered letter, but she has felt it in her heart.’† (52) CM: Hester Prynne fashioned her scarlet letter with time, effort, and purpose, with each stitch burdening her heart. 12. â€Å"‘Make way, good people, make way, in the Kings name! cried he. Open a passage; and, I promise ye, Mistress Prynne shall be set where man, woman and child may have a fair sight of her brave apparel, from this time till an hour past meridian.’† (52) CM: When Hester and her babe were made the center of attention, the crowd disdained both of them, along with the scarlet letter, and in the audiences’ mind, those three examples were considered evil. 13. â€Å"‘Come along, Madame Hester, and show your scarlet letter in the market place!’† (52) CM: This dialogue exemplifies that women, during this time period, held higher standards for morality than men; Hester Prynne is displayed and humiliated with her scarlet letter in front of all of Boston, while the other adulterer is in the crowd, studying her, along with everyone else. 14. â€Å"A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys, understanding little of the matter in hand except that it gave them a half-holiday, ran before her progress, turning their heads continually to stare into her face  and at the winking baby in her arms, and at the ignominious letter on her breast.† (52) CM: Hester Prynne’s scarlet letter serves as a reminder of capital punishment to all; it reveals the severe punishment, even to young innocent children, following such a sin. 15. â€Å"The unhappy culprit sustained herself as best a woman might, under the heavy weight of a thousand unrelenting eyes, all fastened upon her and concentrated at her bosom.† (54) CM: Hawthorne displays irony in this sentence; every man and woman of Boston is glaring at Hester’s scarlet letter, placed on her bosom, however; Hester’s adulterous act is the reason she is standing on the culprit and all of the citizens are willing to stare at such a sexual place on her body. 16. â€Å"Lastly, in lieu of these shifting scenes, came back the rude market place of the Puritan settlement, with all the townspeople assembled and leveling their stern regards at Hester Prynne—yes, at herself—who stood on the scaffold of the pillory, an infant on her arm, and the letter â€Å"A† in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon her bosom!† (56) CM: Hawthorne juxtaposes the harsh, cruel crowd to the beautifully fashioned scarlet letter Hester created. 17. â€Å"Could it be true? She clutched the child so fiercely to her breast that it sent forth a cry; she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real.† (56) CM: Hester, in a state of shock, cannot grasp the reality of the shameful situation she was brought into. Chapter 3: 1. â€Å"From this intense consciousness of being the object of severe and universal observation, the wearer of the scarlet letter was at length relieved, by discerning on the outskirts of the crowd, a figure which irresistibly took possession of her thoughts.† (57) CM: Hester Prynne, and her scarlet letter, which are made the center of attention in front of the colony of Boston, are placed there as a result of her adulterous act, however; Hester’s heart and mind are supposed to be ignited with shame and humiliation, yet she is focused on this new â€Å"figure† in the crowd; Hester completely forgets about her sin and punishment. 2. â€Å"‘But in their great mercy and tenderness of heart, they have doomed Mistress Prynne to stand  only a space of three hours on the platform of the pillory, and then and thereafter, for the remainder of her natural life, to wear a mark of shame upon her bosom.’† (60) CM: Hawthorne is almost sarcastic in this sentence by starting it off with â€Å"But in their great mercy and tenderness of heart†, because this Puritan-based colony is not merciful, they pursue Hester’s punishment by forcing her to live with a â€Å"mark of shame† for as long as she may live, whereas if she were killed, she could escape punishment. 3. â€Å"Such an interview, perhaps, would have been more terrible than even to meet him as she now did, with the hot, midday sun burning down upon her face and lighting up its shame; with the scarlet token of infamy on her breast; with the sin-born infant in her arms; with a whole people, drawn forth as to a festival, staring at the features that should have been seen only in the quiet gleam of the fireside, in the happy shadow of a home, or beneath a matronly veil, at church.† (60) CM: The imagery of this sentence, which includes â€Å"hot midday sun burning down upon her face and lighting up its shame† and â€Å"scarlet token of infamy on her breast; with the sin-born infant† sends a hellish feel to the readers, which reinforces the sinfulness of her act, while highlighting her shame. 4. â€Å"‘Speak out the name! That, and thy repentance, may avail to take the scarlet letter off thy breast.’† (65) CM: Reverend Wilson demands that Hester revels the name of her fellow adulterer, and if she agrees, the scarlet letter will be removed, but Hester refuses; she argues that the shame of the letter will not come off once the letter is removed. 5. â€Å"‘It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine!’† (65) CM: Hester, a matriarch in this patriarchal society, refuses to obey Reverend Wilson, which proves to be very intriguing because the reader is now unsure if Hester is truly noble woman who made a mistake, or a woman who repeatedly makes mistakes and is persistent in asserting her power. 6. â€Å"Discerning the impracticable state of the poor culprits mind, the elder clergyman, who had carefully prepared himself for the occasion, addressed to the multitude a discourse on sin, in all its branches, but with continual reference to the ignominious letter.† (65) CM: Reverend Wilson utilizes the symbol of the scarlet letter as the subject of his sermon, and shames Hester with continual reference to the â€Å"ignominious letter.† 7.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was whispered, by those who peered after her, that the scarlet letter threw a lurid gleam along the dark passageway of the interior.† (66) CM: The scarlet letter provides an ominous feeling in all of its darkness to its reader, by emanating an immensely small amount of light during Hester’s entire dark, sinful act. Chapter 4: 1. â€Å"Closely following the jailer into the dismal apartment appeared that individual of singular aspect, whose presence in the crowd had been of such deep interest to the wearer of the scarlet letter.† (67) CM: Hawthorne creates a suspenseful moment in this paragraph by compelling the reader to wonder why the â€Å"individual† is following the jailer, and how he connects to Hester and her beautifully embroidered brand. 2. â€Å"‘Even if I imagine a scheme of vengeance, what could I do better for my object than to let thee live—than to give thee medicines against all harm and peril of life—so that this burning shame may still blaze upon thy bosom?’† (70) CM: The scarlet letter is compared to as a â€Å"burning shame† and a â€Å"blaze†; these descriptions contain not only much imagery, but they illustrate the fact of how the scarlet letter is similar to fire. 3. â€Å"As he spoke, he laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scorch into Hesters breast, as if it had been red hot.† (70) CM: When Chillingworth places his finger on the delicate scarlet letter, the letter seared him, as if telling him that he was uninvited to touch not only the scarlet letter, but also Hester herself. 4. â€Å"‘And now, Mistress Prynne, said old Roger Chillingworth, as he was hereafter to be named, I leave thee alone; alone with thy infant, and the scarlet letter!’† (73) CM: In this sentence, two sins emerge; Chillingworth declares that he will leave Hester, for he has no desire to be apart of her sin, which breaks the sanctity of marriage, and Hester damaged their marriage by her adulterous act and consequence of her scarlet letter. 5. â€Å"‘How is it, Hester? Doth thy sentence bind thee to wear the token in thy sleep? Art thou not afraid of nightmares and hideous dreams?’† (73) CM: Chillingworth calls attention to Hester’s shame by inquiring if she must wear the letter in her sleep, too, but what were Chillingworth’s intentions by stating that; did Chillingworth plan to help Hester, or speak of the scarlet letter in such shame as an act to potentially cause her uncertainty even in her sleep. Chapter 5: 1. â€Å"Her prison door was thrown open and she came forth into the sunshine, which, falling on all alike, seemed, to her sick and morbid heart, as if meant for no other purpose than to reveal the scarlet letter on her breast.† (74) CM: This sentence also admits shamefulness; Hester is forced to walk out and reveal not only herself, but also her new mark that will brand her forever; such an entrance should be considered a punishment, rather than a relief to be leaving a prison. 2. â€Å"Thus the young and pure would be taught to look at her, with the scarlet letter flaming on her breast—at her, the child of honourable parents, at her, the mother of a babe that would hereafter be a woman, at her, who had once been innocent—as the figure, the body, the reality of sin.† (75) CM: Hester Prynne and the scarlet letter function as the prime example; her mistake teaches citizens, even the young and innocent, to live blamelessly, or else they will end up in a fate similar to hers. 3. â€Å"Children, too young to comprehend wherefore this woman should be shut out from the sphere of human charities, would creep nigh enough to behold her plying her needle at the cottage window, or standing in the doorway, or laboring in her little garden, or coming forth along the pathway that led townward; and, discerning the scarlet letter on her breast, would scamper off with a strange, contagious fear.† (77) CM: The young children become increasingly curious about Hester, until their eyes discover the scarlet letter, for their parents have taught them to discriminate against her. 4. â€Å"She bore on her breast, in the curiously embroidered letter, a specimen of her delicate and imaginative skill of which the dames of a court might gladly have availed themselves, to add the richer and more spiritual adornment of human ingenuity to their fabrics of silk and gold.† (77) CM: In such a Puritanical society where elaborate details are forbidden, Hester’s scarle t letter is exactly that, one of ornate beauty and a perfect example of her skillfulness in embroidery; this demonstrates Hester’s stubbornness in challenging the authority above her. 5. â€Å"Her own dress was of the coarsest materials and the most sombre hue; with only that one ornament—the scarlet letter—which it was her doom to wear.† (79) CM: Hester looks upon her adulterous act as a beautiful, so when she created the scarlet letter, she wanted to fill it with beautiful stitching and embroidery; Hester  establishes her love for her sin and letter, and how much she treasures it. 6. â€Å"Hester had schooled herself long and well; and she never responded to these attacks, save by a flush of crimson that rose irrepressibly over her pale cheek, and again subsided into the depths of her bosom.† (80) CM: All the citizens of Boston constantly exasperate and embarrass Hester, yet she continues to subside and hide her shame from them. 7. â€Å"When strangers looked curiously at the scarlet letter and none ever failed to do sothey branded it afresh in Hesters soul; so that, oftentimes, she could scarcely refrain, yet always did refrain, f rom covering the symbol with her hand.† (81) CM: Hester exemplifies heroism to her community by bearing the punishment of the scarlet letter she is given, but in contrast, by challenging the Puritan moral doctrine incessantly. 8. â€Å"From first to last, in short, Hester Prynne had always this dreadful agony in feeling a human eye upon the token; the spot never grew callous; it seemed, on the contrary, to grow more sensitive with daily torture.† (81) CM: Hester Prynne’s scarlet letter represents her unfailing love towards Dimmesdale, along with her constant shame; every time someone looks at the scarlet letter, it is like a new scab from a wound is ripped off—the wound never heals. 9. â€Å"But sometimes, once in many days, or perchance in many months, she felt an eye—a human eye—upon the ignominious brand, that seemed to give a momentary relief, as if half of her agony were shared.† (81) CM: In this passage Hawthorne implies that Dimmesdale shares her pain, even though his pain is keeping his sin a secret from everyone, while only Hester must wear the brand of sin publically. 10. â€Å"Walking to and fro with those lonely footsteps in the little world with which she was outwardly connected, it now and then appeared to Hester—if altogether fancy, it was nevertheless too potent to be resisted—she felt or fancied, then, that the scarlet letter had endowed her with a new sense.† (82) CM: The scarlet letter seems to have given Hester a new sense of awareness; Hester has been publically shamed, which gives her the opportunity to connect to others and â€Å"walk in their shoes with understanding.† 11. â€Å"Could they be other than the insidious whispers of the bad angel, who would fain have persuaded the struggling woman, as yet only half his victim, that the outward guise of purity was but a lie, and that, if truth were everywhere to be shown, a scarlet letter would blaze forth on many a bosom besides Hester Prynnes?†Ã‚  (82) CM: Hawthorne highlights the conflict between good and evil in this sentence, and also establishes that the scarlet letter has made Hester’s sin outward, while everyone else’s sins are inward sins, because they will not admit them. 12. â€Å"Sometimes the red infamy upon her breast would give a sympathetic throb, as she passed near a venerable minister or magistrate, the model of piety and justice, to whom that ag e of antique reverence looked up, as to a mortal man in fellowship with angels.† (82) CM: Hawthorne includes irony in this sentence because the scarlet letter, a symbol of sin, throbs with compassion when the ministers and noblemen pass, who are supposedly â€Å"pure† men. 13. â€Å"Or, once more, the electric thrill would give her warning—Behold, Hester, here is a companion! and, looking up, she would detect the eyes of a young maiden glancing at the scarlet letter, shyly and aside, and quickly averted, with a faint, chill crimson in her cheeks as if her purity were somewhat sullied by that momentary glance.† (83) CM: Hawthorne insinuates that this young woman has most likely committed Hester’s same crime, which proves that the Puritan society is unjust, because Hester is forced to wear a symbol of shame, while this young woman can continue on with her life normally. 14. â€Å"The vulgar, who, in those dreary old times, were always contributing a grotesque horror to what interested their imaginations, had a story about the scarlet letter which we might readily work up into a terrific legend.† (83) CM: Hawthorne persuades the reader to believe that people made up fanciful stories about the scarlet letter, and have attached certain meanings to it. 15. â€Å"They averred that the symbol was not mere scarlet cloth, tinged in an earthly dyepot, but was red-hot with infernal fire, and could be seen glowing all alight whenever Hester Prynne walked abroad in the nighttime.† (83) CM: The Puritan people are very discriminatory; they state that Hester and the letter have been very shameful to the colony of Boston, and that because of that, the scarlet letter shimmers in the night, as if it has a life of its own. 16. â€Å"And we must needs say it seared Hesters bosom so deeply, that perhaps there was more truth in the rumor than our modern incredulity may be inclined to admit.† (83) CM: Hawthorne now goes against what he stated before, forcing the reader to determine if there were actually rumors and stories of the scarlet letter, or if Hester and the scarlet letter shared a certain element, which contained hellish-like characteristics. Chapter 6: 1. â€Å"Man had marked this womans sin by a scarlet letter, which had such potent and disastrous efficacy that no human sympathy could reach her, save it were sinful like herself.† (84) CM: This passage highlights the loneliness of Hester’s situation, and also brings up an element of male dominance; clergymen force Hester to wear a badge of shame for the rest of her life. 2. â€Å"God, as a direct consequence of the sin which man thus punished, had given her a lovely child, whose place was on that same dishonored bosom, to connect her parent for ever with the race and descent of mortals, and to be finally a blessed soul in heaven!† (84) CM: Hawthorne introduces the fact that Pearl, the product of a sin, connects Hester to her own sin. 3. â€Å"But that first object of which Pearl seemed to become aware was—shall we say it?—the scarlet letter on Hesters bosom!† (91) CM: This passage is also ironic, because Pearl, the product of sin, reinforce s Hester’s sin by having such a strong attraction to the scarlet letter. 4. â€Å"One day, as her mother stooped over the cradle, the infants eyes had been caught by the glimmering of the gold embroidery about the letter; and putting up her little hand she grasped at it, smiling, not doubtfully, but with a decided gleam, that gave her face the look of a much older child.† (91) CM: Young children have a characteristic of innocence, but Pearl, fascinated by the scarlet letter, is not innocent, but has an experience with, and for, evilness. 5. â€Å"Weeks, it is true, would sometimes elapse, during which Pearls gaze might never once be fixed upon the scarlet letter; but then, again, it would come at unawares, like the stroke of sudden death, and always with that peculiar smile and odd expression of the eyes.† (91) CM: Pearl, just like her mother, challenges authority, and produces evil grins and smiles, like a demon child. 6. â€Å"In the afternoon of a certain summers day, after Pearl grew big enough to run about, she amused herself with gathering handfuls of wild flowers, and flinging them, one by one, at her mothers bosom; dancing up and down like a little elf whenever she hit the scarlet letter.† (91-92) CM: Pearl, who is captivated by the scarlet letter, taunts Hester by reminding her of her punishment and consequences daily. 7. â€Å"Hesters first motion had been to cover her bosom with her clasped hands. But whether from pride or resignation, or a feeling that her penance might best be wrought out by this unutterable pain, she  resisted the impulse, and sat erect, pale as death, looking sadly into little Pearls wild eyes.† (92) CM: Hester Prynne, proud of her adulterous act, bears the pain Pearl causes her by playing with her scarlet letter. 8. â€Å"Still came the battery of flowers, almost invariably hitting the mark, and covering the mothers breast with hurts for which she could find no balm in this world, nor knew how to seek it in another.† (92) CM: Pearl constantly harasses Hester, who has no balm or healing, and will never receive any healing, because of the scarlet letter the clergymen placed so careful on her breast. 9. â€Å"Whether moved only by her ordinary freakishness, or because an evil spirit prompted her, she put up her small forefinger and touched the scarlet letter.† (93) CM: Hawthorne demonstrates Pearl’s taunting of Hester, whether Pearl intends it or as a child, in her innocence, is captivated by the scarlet letter. Chapter 7: 1. â€Å"But it was a remarkable attribute of this garb, and indeed, of the childs whole appearance, that it irresistibly and inevitably reminded the beholder of the token which Hester Prynne was doomed to wear upon her bosom.† (96) CM: The scarlet letter, which Hester designed beautifully, hypnotizes Pearl, who forever plays with it. 2. â€Å"It was the scarlet letter in another form: the scarlet letter endowed with life!† (96) CM: Hawthorne relates Pearl as the human form of the scarlet letter, always reminding Hester of her sin and tormenting her constantly. 3. â€Å"The mother herself—as if the red ignominy were so deeply scorched into her brain that all her conceptions assumed its formhad carefully wrought out the similitude, lavishing many hours of morbid ingenuity to create an analogy between the object of her affection and the emblem of her guilt and torture.† (96) CM: This sentence is ironic, because it confirms that a sinful act, which creates a product, Pearl, who is also sinful. 4. â€Å"But, in truth, Pearl was the one as well as the other; and only in consequence of that identity had Hester contrived so perfectly to represent the scarlet letter in her appearance.† (96) CM: Hawthorne accentuates the fact that Hester’s punishment, the scarlet letter, and the embodiment of that sin, Pearl, are both beautifully clothed. 5. â€Å"‘Yea, forsooth,† replied the bond-servant, staring with wide-open eyes at the scarlet letter, which, being a new-comer in the country, he had never before seen.’† (98)  CM: The scarlet letter continues to attract attention, even to the bond-servant, who doesn’t understand what it means, but again, is drawn to it. 6. â€Å"‘Nevertheless, I will enter, answered Hester Prynne; and the bond-servant, perhaps judging from the decision of her air, and the glittering symbol in her bosom, that she was a great lady in the land, offered no opposition.’† (98) CM: The servant inte rprets the scarlet letter incorrectly; he believes that because she is wearing it, she is highly important. 7. â€Å"Hester looked by way of humoring the child; and she saw that, owing to the peculiar effect of this convex mirror, the scarlet letter was represented in exaggerated and gigantic proportions, so as to be greatly the most prominent feature of her appearance.† (99-100) CM: In this passage, Hawthorne exaggerates the massive image in the armor, suggesting that the clergymen in the colony of Boston magnify Hester’s sin greatly. 8. â€Å"In truth, she seemed absolutely hidden behind it.† (100) CM: The clergymen underscore their own temptations by making a spectacle of this young woman who has committed adultery, and also make her an icon of sin in the colony by forcing her to wear the scarlet letter, which scars everyone in the colony’s eyes. Chapter 8: 1. â€Å"‘Hester Prynne,† said he, fixing his naturally stern regard on the wearer of the scarlet letter, there hath been much question concerning thee, of late.’† (104) CM: The clergymen, who punished Hester for her sin, are staring at Hester’s scarlet letter, which is located on her breast, forcing the reader to wonder what they are really looking at. 2. â€Å"‘I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this!† answered Hester Prynne, laying her finger on the red token.† (104) CM: In this sentence, Hester states that she will teach Pearl from her shameful sin, but the reader doesn’t know what Hester will teach Pearl; to defy authority, or live up to your consequences. 3. â€Å"‘Woman, it is thy badge of shame! replied the stern magistrate.† (104) CM: The clergymen are forever prompting Hester’s sin and her punishment from that sin, the scarlet letter. 4. â€Å"‘It is because of the stain which that letter indicates, that we would  transfer thy child to other hands.’† (104) CM: The clergymen argue that because of the scarlet letter, which demonstrates her grave sin to the whole town, they need to find Pearl a more fit home, so she continue on with a better life than Hester can give her. 5. â€Å"‘Nevertheless,† said the mother, calmly, though growing more pale, â€Å"this badge hath taught me—it daily teaches me—it is teaching me at this moment—lessons whereof my child may be the wiser and better, albeit they can profit nothing to myself.’† (104-105) CM: Hester, fearful of losing her one child, as well as the loss of embodiment of sin, argues that the scarlet letter will bring the best out of Pearl. 6. â€Å"Pearl,† said he, with great solemnity, â€Å"thou must take heed to instruction, that so, in due season, thou mayest wear in thy bosom the pearl of great price.’† (105) CM: Reverend Wilson advises Pearl to do what she is supposed to do, so she can live up to the beauty of her name, which her mother so shamefully paid the price for. 7. â€Å"‘Hath she not expressed this thought in the garb of the poor child, so forcibly reminding us of that red symbol which sears her bosom?’† (108) CM: This dialogue between the clergymen emphasizes the connection of the scarlet letter and the clothes Hester dressed Pearl in; both were beautifully made and filled with red and gold thread. Chapter 9: Chapter 10: 1. â€Å"Taking a handful of these, she arranged them along the lines of the scarlet letter that decorated the maternal bosom, to which the burrs, as their nature was, tenaciously adhered.† (125-126) CM: This sentence contains a paradox; Pearl decorates the scarlet letter ornately, yet burrs are sharp and can be wounding. 2. â€Å"‘Is Hester Prynne the less miserable, think you, for that scarlet letter on her breast?’† (127) CM: Dimmesdale and Chillingworth discuss whether or not if wearing the scarlet letter allows Hester to be less miserable, because she has confessed to her sin. Chapter 11: 1. â€Å"And now, through the chamber which these spectral thoughts had made so ghastly, glided Hester Prynne leading along little Pearl in her scarlet garb, and pointing her forefinger, first at the scarlet letter on her bosom, and then at the clergymans own breast.† (137) CM: Pearl understands that  Dimmesdale and Hester have some sort of a connection, almost as if she has a keen sense of awareness, like the scarlet letter has given Hester. Chapter 12: 1. â€Å"And thus, while standing on the scaffold, in this vain show of expiation, Mr. Dimmesdale was overcome with a great horror of mind, as if the universe were gazing at a scarlet token on his naked breast, right over his heart.† (139) CM: Dimmesdale is fearful that the town of Boston is not looking at Hester and her scarlet letter of punishment anymore, but at his heart—illustrating guilt, fear of exposure, and a suggestion that the noble positions were filled with an element of hypocrisy. 2. â€Å"On that spot, in very truth, there was, and there had long been, the gnawing and poisonous tooth of bodily pain.† (139) CM: The reader estimates that Dimmesdale has created his own â€Å"A† by wounding himself, either out of guilt, or for self-punishment. 3. â€Å"And there stood the minister, with his hand over his heart; and Hester Prynne, with the embroidered letter glimmering on her bosom; and little Pearl, herself a symbol, and the connecting link between those two.† (145) CM: In this passage, Dimmesdale is located where he should be, next to Hester, the scarlet letter, and Pearl, but because of the hypocritical nature of himself and the clergymen, he refuses to stand with them, and denies his crime unless it is under a shadow of darkness. 4. â€Å"We impute it, therefore, solely to the disease in his own eye and heart that the minister, looking upward to the zenith, beheld there the appearance of an immense letter—the letter A—marked out in lines of dull red light.† (146) CM: It is interesting how Hawthorne portrayed the scarlet letter in the sky, which was for Dimmesdale, because his scarlet letter was massive in size, compared to Hester’s â€Å"A†, proving that Dimmesdale’s sin is much graver than Hester’s. 5. â€Å"Not but the meteor may have shown itself at that point, burning duskily through a veil of cloud, but with no such shape as his guilty imagination gave it, or, at least, with so little definiteness, that anothers guilt might have seen another symbol in it.† (146) CM: The scarlet letter in the sky means different things for anyone who distinguishes it. 6. â€Å"The minister appeared to see him, with the same glance that discerned the miraculous letter.† (146) CM: Dimmesdale’s dream-like state is emphasized in this sentence, because he has a disbelief  that Chillingworth and the scarlet letter were actually there. 7. â€Å"‘But did your reverence hear of the portent that was seen last night? A great red letter in the sky—the letter A, which we interpret to stand for Angel.’† (148-149) CM: The letter â€Å"A†, as the reader has interpreted, has stood for â€Å"adultery†, but now, Hawthorne changes its meaning to â⠂¬Å"angel†, which is ironic.

Europe And The New World :: essays research papers fc

Europe and the ‘New World’ Tutorial Question: Why were the ‘westerners’ (Spanish, English, Portuguese’s, French etc) able to displace the native people’s of America with, seemingly, relative ease? Was this evidence of a superior ‘civilisation’? Many believe that there is a great difference between ‘westerners’ and the native people of the lands they conquered. The truth is, that there is not great distinction, except in the minds of white men. ‘Westerners’ such as the French, Spanish, English and Portuguese have always believed in their own superiority. This confidence gave them the strength to displace the natives and also the justification for doing so. The civilized world seemed to grow, and change with new directions being mastered all the time, the ‘non civilized’ world seemed to stand still in a era recognized by Europeans as unprogressive and primitive. The Europeans viewed the Native Americans with mixed opinion, in many ways they despised their ignorance, while at the same time being in awe of their innocence. Despite this, leading opinion was that the native people of the new world were inferior to the Europeans and would have to become domesticated if they were to survive in the ‘new world.’ However was this triumph over the inhabitants of the land evidence of a superior civilisation? How does one define ‘Civilisation’? For if we are to discuss what is a superior and an inferior race then understanding of the term ‘civilisation’ is critical. The term ‘civilisation’ is used everyday and is understood by everyone, yet a proper definition is more difficult to pin down. The oxford university dictionary defines civilisation as: ‘a developed or advanced sate of human society.’ This is helpful, yet the question of how developed or how advanced is still relevant. Others have said that a civilized society is different from an uncivilized society because of certain attributes such as writing, cities, building etc. But agreement is difficult, it is much more safer not to rely on a single definition, instead look at examples of what everyone has agreed to call civilisations such as Greek or Rome . However, the term ‘civilisation’ still seems to be from a western point of view, for natives are not seen as civiliz ed because they do not fit into any definition mentioned above. The Native Americans were not advanced, they did not have buildings or cities and their lifestyle and customs had hardly resembled that of Greece or Rome.

Affordable Care Act Essay

Health care reform has been a budding issue within the United States this past year, and problems continue to surface. At the beginning of this process, Americans wanted the government to ensure that all citizens would be able to have affordable and good health care, no matter what their financial situation. The price for health care was increasing at a rate that people could no longer afford it and a lot of people desperately wanted a universal health care systems like some of their neighboring countries. In a sense, change was needed, but how this change came about is the real issue now. Americans may not get what they bargained for, and it could end up costing more than some individual initially thought. Importance of Research I want to research this economic policy because I hear so much scrutiny from every individual I talk to, while I also see some friends and family benefiting from the Affordable Care Act. I want to learn more about what we truly signed up for and the repercussions for â€Å"pimping out† the health care industry, along with any hidden agendas that might be embedded within this new policy. According to the U.S Department of Health & Human Services, â€Å"The Affordable Care Act was passed by Congress and then signed into law by the President on March 23, 2010. On June 28, 2012 the Supreme Court rendered a final decision to uphold the health care law† (2014). It is not until 2014 that is really coming into effect, to the point where it is mandated to have insurance by April 2014. This policy was implemented to make sure every American has health insurance but little are properly educated on how this new policy will affect us in the years to come. Time to learn the truth fro m both sides of the debate Policy Overview The Affordable Health Care Act, was a policy that has recently been put in place to help citizens receive the health care they need at an affordable price. As wages remain the same, prices continue to climb to the point where minimum wages isn’t enough, health care is last on the list of needs. Many Americans do not have health insurance or receive it from the state because it is not an affordable aspect of our economy and it was not mandated. Now the government as took it upon themselves to make laws and regulations in order to ensure every American citizen has affordable health insurance. For those who can pay more, pay more, and those who can’t, will ultimately pay less. Although that is a great concept for the American people to believe in, but with all of the rules, regulations and underlining laws, it is important to understand what Americans are actually getting from this deal. For this paper, we will focus on individuals, employers and tax credits available to h elp with the cost of insurance. Provisions of the Affordable Health Care Act On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed a comprehensive health reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, into law. The laws and changes mad, focuses on provisions to expand coverage, control care costs, and improve health care delivery system. The first provisions is that all Americans are required to have health insurance by April 2014, or individuals will face penalty charges that can affect them for up to three years. So it is very important for citizens to go to the government market place and apply for insurance that they can afford. According to the Kaiser Foundation; â€Å"Those without coverage pay a tax penalty of the greater of $695 per year up to a maximum of three times that amount ($2,085) per family or 2.5% of household income. The penalty will be phased-in according to the following schedule: $95 in 2014, $325 in 2015, and $695 in 2016 for the flat fee or 1.0% of taxable income in 2014, 2.0% of taxable income in 2015, and 2.5% of taxable income in 2016 † (Kaiser Foundation, 2014). This reason alone is why Americans should not avoid getting insurance. Other provisions that have been taken into effect deal with employers. Now employers are required to offer insurance based on the amount of employees. For smaller businesses this means having to offer health care insurance to their full  time employers and â€Å"Require employers with more than 200 employees to automatically enroll employees into health insurance plans offered by the employer. Employees may opt out of coverage† (Kaiser Foundation, 2014). With employers having to offer health care coverage at an affordable rate to full-time employees, it does cause some to opt for part-time employment to avoid having to give out benefits. A lot of Americans fear they will lose hour’s simple because their employers do not want to pay for them, which is something that could easily happen. Other than individuals and employers being affected, Medicaid is also going under an expansion. More money is being put to those who are in need of insurance and cannot pay for it such as pregnant women, children and parents. With the expansion Medicaid to all non-Medicare eligible individuals under age 65 such as those stated above â€Å"All newly eligible adults will be guaranteed a benchmark benefit package that meets the essential health benefits available through the Exchanges† (Kaiser Foundation, 2014). Another important aspect pertains to those who are predisposed to certain medical conditions. For instance, citizens can no longer be denied health care coverage based on health risks they already possess. Among other things, the government also give tax credit in order to lower the cost of insurance, which is based on income and family size. Analysis of Policy With any policy or new law there will be objections and an unwillingness to accept these changes. Not every new piece of legislation fixes the problems at hand. Some of the issues only get worse, and then the law must be reformed. With the Affordable Health Care Act, there are a number of pros and cons with this policy and below, it will explain how these changes have greatly affected the general public for the better and worse. Pros With the Affordable Health Care Act being implemented, there are a number of great aspects that have now been put into effect. The first and easiest of the changes now allows children under the age of 26 to remain on their parents insurance plans, this means longer coverage for young adults in America, this also means no lifetime limits on health coverage; and new  insurance policies that must provide preventive care without any form of cost-sharing (UPMC, 2013). Among other changes, these are the following benefits of having the Affordable Health Care Act in place; Health care coverage for uninsured Americans. Through a combination of creating the health insurance marketplace and encouraging the states to expand Medicaid, millions of Americans without health insurance now have access to affordable coverage. No matter the situation, people will be covered. Reducing uninsured health events: Americans have always had issues regarding medical bills and costly procedures that many could not afford. Now, because the Affordable Health Care Act requires citizens to have health care coverage, we will dramatically reduce the instances of uninsured health events. No more coverage discrimination due to health issues or gender. The main problem with health insurance companies was the fact that they could, â€Å"charge outrageous prices or even deny coverage to Americans based on particular medical conditions, age, or gender. Just because you are ill, born with a disability, or female and may need pregnancy care, doesn’t mean you shouldn’t have access to affordable coverage† (UPMC, 2013). Changing the laws that govern coverage now helps to end coverage discrimination. Expansion of employer sponsored health coverage. â€Å"Many employers don’t offer any health insurance to employees, even those working full-time. ObamaCare requires all companies with over 50 full-time equivalent employees to offer health insurance to full-time staff by 2016 or they may be subject to a penalty† (UPMC, 2013). This now makes employers responsible for the health care of their employees, which in turn offsets the amount of people on Medicaid, or reduces the amount of people uninsured. These benefits greatly affect the everyday life of an American, no more discrimination due to preexisting conditions, or higher rates to these individuals. Employers now have to offer insurance to their full-time employees, and everyone has the right to affordable health care which will stop them from being forced into debt. Cons With every policy, there are going to issues that come to surface, sometimes a policy fixes nothing at all, while other times it is just what the doctor ordered. The following are some of the negative effects that could cause the  Affordable Health Care Act to backfire or deter Americans from believing in the system. Working Americans will pay more. Most middle-class Americans hold full-time jobs and receive health insurance through their employers. Health care costs were rising before the Affordable Care Act became law, and combined with the effects of the law, employers will likely re-evaluate the insurance they offer. Employers will start to reevaluate their coverage to their employees which could end up increasing their work-based insurance. Some of the required coverage’s are against the moral values of employers. The mandate to offer contraception with no charge to the patient has caused a lot of issues, especially for employers whose moral code dictates that they do n ot support contraception of any type. But this is a manner of personal choice, employers cannot dictate what their employees needs are. Adding additional health care expenses will impact workers. The law will cause some employers to offer lower coverage or perhaps no coverage to their workers, or perhaps increase the amount employees pay for health insurance to offset higher premiums from the insurance company, or reduce hours to avoid having to offer coverage to so many full-time employee. The American Debt. As many are concerned about our debt, as the government subsidizes health care, may only make that debt worse. If the law runs over budget, it will be the taxpayers who wind up at a greater disadvantage than ever before. Below is also a graph that shows how government spending will be effected with the new ACA Many of the oppositions to this new law, all comes down to money. Americans do not want to sign on to anything that may cost or lose them money. (Foster, 2011). Some employers may also try to turn full-time employees into part-time just to avoid having to offer health care coverage. We as a nation end up in debt every year due to unnecessary spending, rather the spending be put in place to help the American people rather than ignore the issue. Unintended Consequences & Alternative Solution When the Affordable Health Care Act was put in place, a lot of Americans did not understand what they were actually getting for their money, while some hated the thought of government controlling yet another aspect of their lives others rejoiced. The health care act had some adverse consequences  when being put into place, the largest problem being the fact that Americans would now be fined if they did not pay for health insurance by the deadline, which is April 1st, 2014. The rate of the fine would increase with each year and end of causing a lot of Americans an unnecessary headache. This also forces people to purchase something they do not necessarily agree with, but unfortunately we cannot pick and choose which laws we decide to follow. Another issue that may affect Americans is the status of being a full-time employee versus being used as a part-time employee. With the new laws, businesses are also affected, some employees may cut employees hours in order to avoid having to off er insurance. Which is another way the Affordable Health Care Act is not benefitting the American citizens. Alternative Method & Recommendation Although the bill is already in place and functioning, I think the United States would have been better off following in the footsteps of other countries that already have nationalized health care. Instead of imposing all of these rules and regulations, the government should impose taxes on our citizens to help with the cost of health insurance. This will take away the need and frustration of having everyone being forced to find new insurance company based off their income, and have to be fined if they do not participate. With people standing strongly against being forced to buy insurance, taxes would take that fuss out. Americans need to realize, although other countries have national health care, it is nowhere as good as our health care, because when other countries were becoming nationalized, their star doctors were seeking citizenship in America because they could make more money. Now, we have all of these great doctors upset they can no longer reap the benefits of charging what they feel is appropriate, and now insurance companies can no longer deny benefits to those who are a risky investment. There are a large number of countries that simply take care of the health care cost through taxes, which is beneficial because less people feel the effect of paying premiums every month, and if it is based off of wages, so are our taxes, so why not take it out all at once? Conclusion With every policy, there will always be good and bad aspects that surround the change. In most cases, as long as the good outweighs the bad, then at the end of the day that is all that really matters. In the large picture, Americans now have the chance at having affordable health care, and cannot be denied over prior history. People can now avoid being put in massive amounts of debt by avoiding the high cost of procedures that they need. No one should ever deny the care they need when it comes to their health. In the long run it may cost companies more money, but if they make money off of their employees, they should be willing to pay for them to remain healthy. Within the next ten years we will truly see if the good outweighs the bad. In my opinion, Obamacare is headed in the right direction, but I do not feel the bill was ready to be passed. With all the opposition to incorporating socialized health care it is understandable why Obama was pushing it through while he is in office, because it may have not went through if it waited much longer. There are also a large number of benefits with the Affordable Health Care Act, people n ow can purchase affordable health care and not be denied due to pre-existing conditions. I also feel the government should have raised taxes to cover the cost, instead of Americans paying monthly for their insurance. We tend to not miss what is already gone, and this is what other countries have done. People have to pay taxes, so no one would ever need to be fined for not paying for health care every month. References Foster, R. (2011). Estimated effect of the Affordable Care Act on total national health spending. Retrieved on March 1st, 2014 from http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/chart-graph/estimated-effect-affordable-care-act-total-national-health-spending Kaiser Foundation. (2014). Summary of the affordable care act. Retrieved on February 24, 2014 from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/8061-021.pdf UPMC. (2013). The Pros and Cons of ObamaCare. Retrieved on March 1s, 2014 from http://www.yourhealthcaresimplified.org/news/the-pros-and-cons-of-obamacare/ U.S Department of Health & Human Services. (2014). Read the law. Retrieved on February 12th, 2014 from http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/rights/law/index.html